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RAILROADS -
Business History of Companies
Interesting Dates
March 12, 1755 - A steam engine was first reported used in
America at Colonel John Schuyler's copper mine in New Barbados Neck (now
North Arlington), NJ; imported from England by Josiah Hornblower.
1767 -
John Wilkinson built first iron railroads
for mines.
March 24, 1802 - Richard Trevithick received a patent for
a high pressure tram engine, first steam driven road carriage; December 24,
1801 - demonstrated it to public, successfully carried number of men up Beacon Hill;
February 21, 1804 - tested first self-propelling steam
engine or steam locomotive
to run on rails at the Peny-Darren ironworks on its normally horse-drawn tramline; able
to pull a load of 15 tons at a speed of about 5 mph; adhesion was a
problem as the iron wheels slipped on the iron rails, cast-iron rails of
the tramways not strong enough to support the weight of new machine,
experiment abandoned.
June 1804 - Parliament authorized laying of railway from
Swansea to Oystermouth; July 4, 1804 -
Oystermouth Railway (or Tramroad
Company) incorporated; autumn 1804 - first tracks
laid; spring 1806 - first horse drawn train traveled from
Swansea to Mumbles; March 25, 1807 - first regular
horsedrawn service carrying passengers between Swansea and Mumbles
began; first passenger railway in world; January 5, 1960 -
closed.
March 25, 1807 - First railway passenger service began in
England.
1815 - New Jersey legislature awarded Colonel John
Stevens first railroad charter in North America; 1825 -
operated "steam waggon", first operating locomotive in America, around
circular track at Hoboken, NJ
September 27, 1825 - George Stephenson operated Stockton
& Darlington line, first locomotive to haul a passenger train in England; first railway in world to carry passengers and freight, both
largely using steam locomotives, and to any kind of meaningful
timetable; pulled 34 wagons, 1 solitary coach over 21 miles.
1826 - Scotland's first commercial railway opened,
Edinburgh to Dalkeith.
March 4, 1826 -
Granite Railway in Quincy, MA first U.S. Railroad chartered;
October 7, 1826 - first gravity-powered railroad, went into
operation.
February 28, 1827 -
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. incorporated as first U.S.
railroad chartered to carry passengers and freight.
March 24, 1828 - Philadelphia and Columbia Railway (first
state owned) authorized.
July 4, 1828 - Charles Carroll of Carrollton, MD,
signer of the Declaration of Independence, laid first stone of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.
August 8, 1829 - The first steam locomotive in America,
the Stourbridge Lion, was tested in Honesdale, PA;
traveled at 10 m.p.h. on wooden tracks faced with wrought iron that
already existed as a gravity railway, used to carry coal from mines at
Carbondale to the canal terminus at Honesdale, Pennsylvania; built by
Foster, Rastrick & Co., of Stourbridge, England for the Hudson Railroad
Company; deemed too heavy for continued use hauling loads of coal on
those tracks.
January 7, 1830 - The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Company began rail service.
May 24, 1830 - First passenger railroad in
United States began service between Baltimore and Elliott's Mills, MD;
August 28, 1830 - "Tom Thumb", first locomotive built
in America, ran from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mill, MD.
September 15, 1830 - The Liverpool to Manchester
line,
built by George Stephenson, principal inventor of railroad locomotive,
opened in England; world's first intercity passenger railway operated
solely by steam locomotives (carried 600 passengers).
September 15, 1830 - William Huskisson (1770-1840), British statesman became first railway fatality while observing ceremonial procession of locomotives at Liverpool and Manchester railway
opening; stumbled in front of passing train which ran over his leg;
died that evening.
September 18, 1830 - B&O locomotive Tom Thumb, first locomotive built in America, lost a 14-km race to a horse due to
boiler leak.
December 25, 1830 - The South Carolina Canal and
Railroad Company began operation as first regularly scheduled passenger
train in United States.
1831 - Matthias Baldwin founded Baldwin Locomotive Works
on Broad street in Philadelphia, PA; built steam locomotives for
Pennsylvania Railroad, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe, many of the other railroads in North America, overseas;
1909 - incorporated as Baldwin Locomotive Works; 1948
- acquired by Westinghouse Corporation; 1950 - merged with
Lima-Hamilton Corporation, formed Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation;
1956 - last of some 70,541 common carrier size locomotives
produced.
February 19, 1831 - First practical US coal-burning
locomotive made first trial run in Pennsylvania.
April 25, 1831 - New York and Haerlem Railroad Company
incorporated to link New York City with Harlem; November 26, 1832 -
first section, along
The Bowery from
Prince Street north to
14th Street, opened.
August 9, 1831 - First steam locomotive train began inaugural run between Albany, Schenectady, NY.
April 14, 1832 -
New York and Erie Rail Road
incorporated'
April 24, 1832 - New York State legislature granted charter; required that railroad: 1) not connect with any
out-of-state road (connected Hudson River at Piermont, north of New York
City, to Lake Erie at Dunkirk); 2) raise $10 million, 3) not formally
organize until half its stock was subscribed to; May 19, 1851
- full length to Dunkirk opened; built as 6 foot wide gauge;
August 1859 - company went into receivership due to large
construction costs; first bankruptcy of a major trunk line in the U.S.;
June 25, 1861 - reorganized as Erie Railway; 1867
- Jay Gould (31) became a director of the Erie RR; waged "Erie War" with
Cornelius Vanderbilt for control; issued illegal stock, bribed state
legislators, manipulated stock in his own interest and that of his
group; 1868 - became president (expelled in 1872);
1874 - reorganized, became New York, Lake Erie & Western
Railroad; June 22, 1880 - entire system converted to
standard gauge; 1893 - went into bankruptcy reorganization, emerged as
Erie Railroad; January 18, 1938 - entered bankruptcy;
October 17, 1960 - merged with Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western, formed Erie-Lackawanna.
July 25, 1832 - First recorded railroad accident in U.S.
history occurred when four people thrown off vacant car on
Granite Railway near Quincy, MA; had been invited to
view process of transporting large, weighty loads of stone when cable on
vacant car snapped on return trip, threw them off
train, over 34-foot cliff; one man killed , others seriously injured.
1834 - Long Island Railroad chartered; 1900 -
acquired by Pennsylvania Railroad; still running today, oldest American
railway operating under its original name; busiest commuter railroad on
continent, carries well over 81 million customers per year.
1835 - First railway boom period started in Britain –
construction of Great Western Railway.
July 9, 1835 - St. Etienne-Lyons railway opened in France.
July 13, 1836 - John Ruggles of Maine received the
first numbered patent (#1) for a "Locomotive Steam Engine for Rail and
Other Roads" (a new and useful improvement or improvement on
locomotive-engines used on railroads and common roads by which inclines
planes and hills may be ascended and heavy loads drawn up the same with
more facility and economy").
July 20, 1837 - Euston Railway station opened – first in
London.
September 19, 1838 - Ephraim Morris, of Bloomfield, NJ,
received a patent for a "Car Brake" ("mechanical means for regulating or
stopping the motion of cars on railroads"); railroad brake.
February 12, 1840 - Housatonic Railroad opened.
1844 - Railways Act in England, rail travel to masses.
1846 - John Murray Forbes acquired control of state-owned Michigan Central Railroad.
April 13, 1846 - Pennsylvania legislature chartered
Pennsylvania Railroad Company; 1847 - construction began;
September 1, 1849 - first section opened from Harrisburg
west to Lewistown.
April 29, 1851 - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made first
trial round trip
of an electric locomotive on Washington branch of Railroad; traveled five miles each way between Washington, DC,
Bladensburg, MD; used galvanized storage batteries (not practical
for long distances).
September 22, 1851 - Train dispatching by telegraph (vs.
timetable) in U.S. began when superintendent Charles Minot (Erie
Railroad) telegraphed 14 miles to Goshen, NY to delay a train so that
his train would not have to wait. Previously, dispatching was done by
the "time interval rule": a train had to wait one hour for an opposing
train.; if train hadn't arrived, brakeman on the waiting train had to
walk for 20 minutes ahead of his train with a red flag to stop late
train; engineer of the waiting train would then catch up to the
brakeman; routine was repeated as necessary.
May 25, 1852 - E.G. Otis, of Bergen, NJ, received a a patent for a
"Railroad-Car and Truck Brake".
March 3, 1853 - Congress authorized transcontinental
railroad survey.
April 18, 1853 - First train in Asia (Bombay to Tanna, 36
km).
July 7, 1853 - Erastus Corning, president of
Utica and Schenectady Railroad, filed
Consolidation Agreement under recently passed New York Central
Consolidation Act ;
merged,
became president of, 10 railroads across New York State, formed New
York Central railroad between Albany and Buffalo (Albany and Schenectady
Railroad, Utica and Schenectady Railroad, Syracuse and Utica Railroad,
Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, Buffalo and Rochester Railroad,
Schenectady and Troy Railroad (branch from Schenectady east to Troy),
Rochester, Lockport and Niagara Falls Railroad (major branch from
Rochester west to Niagara Falls), Buffalo and Lockport Railroad (branch
from the Rochester, Lockport and Niagara Falls), Mohawk Valley Railroad,
Syracuse and Utica Direct Railroad;
1864
- Cornelius Vanderbilt acquired control of Hudson River Railroad;
November 12,
1867 - acquired control of New York Central; December 11,
1867 - elected president; 1869 - merged
both, formed New York Central and Hudson River Railroad; July 1,
1900 - leased Boston and Albany Railroad; 1906 -
acquired The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad (Big
Four); April 29, 1914 - eleven railroads consolidated,
formed the New York Central Railroad Company.
July 18, 1853 -
Atlantic & St. Lawrence
Railroad opened for traffic; taken over by Grand Trunk Railroad;
first North
American international railroad between Portland, ME and Montreal, QU;
1933 - Canada established policy
favoring its own ports; business for St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad
dropped dramatically; later affiliated with Canadian National Railroad.
September 19, 1854 - Henry B. Myer, of Buffalo, NY,
received a patent for a "Car Seat and Couch" ("mode of converting the
seats and backs of railroad car-seats into such as are commonly used
into beds or lounges for the purpose of sleeping or resting"); sleeping
rail car.
April 21, 1855 - First train crossed Mississippi
River's first bridge, Rock Island, IL to Davenport IA.
May 3, 1855 - Antwerp-Rotterdam railway opened.
March 5, 1856 - Georgia became first state to regulate
railroads.
January 13, 1857 - Thaddeus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury,
VT, received a patent for "Platform Scales" ("Improved
Platform-Scale for Weighing Railway-Cars Either Alone or in Train");
introduced by E. and T. Fairbanks and Company.
March 1857
- U.S.
Congress authorized overland mail delivery service, $600,000
yearly subsidy for any company which could reliably transport mail twice a
week from St. Louis to San Francisco in less than 25 days;
postmaster general awarded first government contract, subsidy to
Overland Mail Company (board of directors included John Butterfield, William Fargo); spent $1 million improving its 2,800-mile route,
building way stations at 10-15 mile intervals;
September 15, 1858 - Overland Mail Company sent
out first two stages, inaugurated government mail service between
eastern, western regions of nation; May
10, 1869 - first transcontinental railroad completed, U.S. government cancelled last overland mail contract.
September 1, 1859 - First Pullman sleeping car put
into service.
February 11, 1859 - Kansas Gov. Samuel Medary approved
charter (written by Cyrus K. Holliday) for company to be incorporated
under name of Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company; September
15-17, 1860 - organized in Atchison, KS in office of Luther C.
Challiss; Cyrus K. Holliday elected first president; November 24,
1863 - name changed to Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail Road
Company; October 30, 1868 - construction began;
April 26, 1869 - first section of track opened; December
23, 1893 - entered receivership; September 21, 1995
- merged with Burlington Northern Railroad, formed Burlington Northern
and Santa Fe Railway.
June 12, 1860 - Nehemiah Hodge, of North Adams, MA,
received a patent for an "Atmospherical Railway Car Brake" ("combination
of certain mechanical devices, contrivances, or fixtures placed upon a
locomotive engine and upon the car o cars attached...whereby I employ
common atmospherical pressure as the force to operate the brake
machinery").
June 28, 1861 - The "big four" leaders of western railroad
construction--Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins,
Charles Crocker--organized Central Pacific Railroad Company of
California
(Leland Stanford president, Charles
Crocker president of construction company);
January 8, 1863 - broke ground at Sacramento, CA
(planned by Theodore Judah); cost of construction
estimated at $36 million; company received land grants and Government
bonds valued at $38.5 million; Stanford admitted that $54 million in
Central Pacific stock transferred to the Contract and Finance Company in
payment of construction contracts represented virtually net profit;
1959 - merged into Southern Pacific.
1862 - George Pullman remodeled old coaches from Chicago
and Alton Railroad into sleeping cars; 1863 - finalized
design for 'Pioneer' car; 1864 - finished designed for
Pullman sleeper (luxury sleeping cars with carpeting, draperies,
upholstered chairs, libraries, card tables, unparalleled level of
customer service; more than five times price of regular railway car);
April 5, 1864 - Ben Field, of Albion, NY, and George M.
Pullman, of Chicago, IL, received a patent for a "Sleeping Car";
February 22, 1867 - Pullman Palace Car Co. organized; 1893
- company worth $62 million; 1894 - 'Pullman Strike';
January 1, 1900 - reorganized as The Pullman Co.; June
21, 1927 - reorganized as Pullman, Inc.; December 26, 1934
- Pullman Car & Manufacturing merged with Standard Steel Car Co., formed
Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company; 1944 -
Department of Justice forced Pullman Incorporated (United States v.
Pullman Co.) to divest itself of either Pullman Company (operating) or
Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company (manufacturing); 1947
- sold to consortium of fifty-seven railroads for around $40 million;
December 31, 1968 - operations of Pullman Company sleeper
cars ceased, all leases terminated; January 1, 1969 -
Pullman Company dissolved, all assets liquidated; late 1980
- merged with Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., became a subsidiary; April
1981 - spun off large fleet of leased freight rail cars as
Pullman Leasing Company; mid 1981 - spun off freight car
manufacturing interests as Pullman Transportation Company.
July 1, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signed Pacific Railroad Act of 1862; threw support of
United States Government behind transcontinental railroad; authorized Union Pacific
Railroad, first corporation chartered by National Government
since Second United States Bank, to build westward from Missouri
River to California boundary or until it met the Central Pacific
(Congress fixed longitude, President named Omaha the
terminus.); empowered Central Pacific, which already had a
charter from California, to push farther east, connect with Union
Pacific; strengthened loyal element in California, undoubtedly
insured continued allegiance of
Pacific Coast to United States during Civil War; provided key to conquering Indians,
means of considerably improving coastal defenses on Pacific coast; quicker, cheaper
transportation for Government supplies and mail; permitted vast, profitable trade to develop between East and West; hastened end
of continental frontier.
March 2, 1863 - Congress authorized a track width of 4-ft
8-1/2 in. as the standard for the Union Pacific Railroad; became the
accepted width for most of the world.
December 2, 1863 - Union Pacific Railroad broke ground at
Omaha, NE; dominant in UP management were: 1) Thomas C. Durant, vice
president of railroad, president of Crédit
Mobilier of America until 1867, construction company that built the
road (bought by Durant in 1864 as the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency,
a corporation loosely chartered by the Pennsylvania Legislature to
engage in practically any kind of business); 2) Oakes Ames, Boston shovel manufacturer and
Congressman from Massachusetts, 3) Grenville M. Dodge Chief Engineer;
cost about $63.5 million to build, about half represented Government s loan; invested capital never exceeded $10 million; profit
estimated at about 200 percent.
April 5, 1864 - Ben Field, of Albion, NY, and George M.
Pullman, of Chicago, IL, received a patent for a "Sleeping Car".
July 2, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln signed Pacific Railroad Act of 1864; solved
Union Pacific's financial problem: 1) soaring
price of materials, 2) extremely scarce labor, 3) alternative
investments with more immediate returns potential; doubled resources
made available to UNP; doubled land grant; Government relinquished its first lien on railroad by
authorizing companies, as they received Government subsidy bonds, to
issue equal amounts of their own 6-percent, 30-year bonds (constituted
first mortgage on road, U.S.
bonds a second mortgage); abundant finances, abundant labor, material made available by end of the Civil War enabled
companies to marshal forces for 10—year job, 1,085 miles from Omaha to
Promontory, UT (took less than 4 years); May 10, 1869
- Golden Spike driven in Promontory, UT.
July 2, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln signed Act of
Congress, created
American Rail Line, first of northern transcontinental
railway companies (eastern
terminus at Lake Superior, western terminus at Puget Sound);
1883
- Northern Pacific opened from Ashland, WI to Portland, OR; 1896
- renamed Northern Pacific Railway Company.
1865 - Group of businessmen in San Francisco, CA,
led by Timothy Guy Phelps (first president), founded Southern Pacific
Railroad to build rail connection between San Francisco and San Diego,
CA; 1868 - acquired by The Big Four (Leland Stanford
president); 1870 -
merged Central Pacific Railroad into its system; April 1, 1885
- took control of Central Pacific; 1890 - Collis P.
Huntington president; 1984 - merged with Santa Fe
Railroad, formed Santa Fe Southern Pacific
Corporation; October 13, 1988 - acquired by Rio Grande Industries.
August 8, 1865 -
Samuel R. Calthorp, of
Roxbury, MA, received patent for a "Railway Car" ("Improvement in
Construction of Railway Trains and Cars"); the streamlined railroad
train.
August 29, 1866 - Public demonstration given
of first cog railway in world (technology of toothed cog gears,
rack rails and tilted boilers) to show first half-mile of track at
base of Mount Washington, highest peak in Northeast U.S.
Invented by Sylvester Marsh of Littleton, NH, work began on railway
in May 1866, finished in July 1869 at cost of $139,500.
October 6, 1866 - John and Simeon Reno staged first train
robbery in American history, stole $13,000 from an Ohio and Mississippi
railroad train in Jackson County, IN.
November 26, 1867 -
J. B.
Sutherland, of Detroit, MI, received patent for a "Refrigerator Car";
insulated railroad car with ice bunkers in each end; air came in on top,
passed through bunkers, circulated through car by gravity, controlled by
use of hanging flaps that created differences in air temperature.
April 21, 1868 - Eli H. Janney, of Alexandria, VA,
received a patent for "Improved Car-Coupling" ('coupling and
uncoupling are performed without endangering the operator's life by
going between the cars");
April 29, 1873 -received a patent for railroad
"Car-Couplings" ("hook and catch with a guard-arm"); the "Janney
coupler".
June 16, 1868 - William Davis, fish
dealer in Detroit, MI, received a patent for an "Improvement in
Preserving Meats, etc." ("peculiar construction of a railroad-car, box,
chest or room in which to preserve animal or vegetable substances from
decay for a certain reasonable time, to allow them to be transported
from place to place or kept in store in a sweet and fresh condition");
refrigerated railroad car.
1869 - Rand McNally published first railroad guide,
Western Railway Guide.
March 23, 1869 - W. Leigh Burton, of Richmond, VA,
received a patent for an "Improvement in Electric-Heating Apparatus"
("useful improvements in evolving heat from elecricity...for heating
railway-carriages by means by heated metallic plates, placed under the
feet of passengers"); electrical resistance heater.
April 13, 1869 - George Westinghouse,
Jr., of Schenectady, NY, received a patent for a "Improvement in
Steam-Power Brake Devices" ("construction of a power car-brake for
railway-cars or other like vehicles to be operated by compressed air or
other elastic compressible fluid"); used on an experimental train
carrying officials of the Panhandle Railroad; not entirely successful
(took longer for air to reach last cars of train, so each car stopped at
different time); March 5, 1872 - (of Pittsburgh, PA)
received 3 patents: for "Improvement in Relief-Valves for Steam
Air-Brake Cylinders"; for "Improvement in Steam-Power for Air-Brakes and
Signals"; for "Improvement in Steam Air-Brakes" (steam-power air-brakes
for railway use"); 1887 - invented an automatic brake.
May 10, 1869 - Golden spike is driven at
Promontory, UT, completion of first transcontinental
railroad in United States; U-S transcontinental railways (north to south) became: 1. Great Northern (later part of Burlington
Northern). 2. Milwaukee Road (last one completed, no longer
there). 3. Northern Pacific (later part of Burlington Northern). 4.
original route (Union Pacific, Central Pacific). 5. Southern Pacific
(formed from original Central Pacific).
California Route Map
for Transcontinental Railroad: CA, NV, UT, WY, NE
(http://www.yamasun.com/00USGS-1916-Map-00.jpg)
June 7, 1870 - Thomas S. Hall, of Stamford, CT, received
patent for an "Electromagnetic Signal Apparatus for Railroads"; first
automatic electric block railroad signal system in the U.S.;
electromagnetic device automatically set a signal when locomotive struck
a lever fastened to the rail; signal set to danger until train cleared
block.
July 24, 1870 - First trans-U. S. rail service
began.
August 15, 1870
- Northern Pacific, having completed first northern
transcontinental rail route, went bankrupt.
May 23, 1871 -
Black American inventor
Landrow Bell, of Washington, DC, received a patent for a "Locomotive
Smoke Stack" ("to arrest the sparks and cinders which pass out of the
smoke-stack, to the great annoyance of passengers, and great danger to
combustible property contiguous to the line of steam travel").
July 3, 1871 - Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia,
PA built first U.S.-made, narrow-gauge locomotive - for mountain use;
first used by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway Company; more
adaptable to rough terrain, required less earthworks, permitted steeper
grades, sharper curves; used to haul passengers or freight; used in
logging, mining, industries and factories.
1872 - Credit Mobilier scandal broke (illegal
manipulation of contracts, few men contracted with themselves or
assignees for the construction of the railroad), disclosed that
Congressman Oakes Ames (MA) had sold shares Credit Mobilier to fellow
congressmen at a price greatly below the true value of the stock: actual
construction costs of the Union Pacific from Omaha to Promontory Point,
Utah, where the last spike was driven in 1869, have been estimated as in
excess of $44 million, while the Crédit Mobilier charged more than $94
million; shares were sold at prices lower than the stock was worth to
members of both the legislative and executive branches of the government
under liberal terms allowing the purchaser to pay for his stock out of
the accumulating dividends, guaranteeing the purchaser against loss, and
offering to buy back the stock if it were no longer wanted. dividends in
one year amounted to more than $300 per share, and the total sum
distributed among politicians has been estimated at $33 million; leaders
of the Crédit Mobilier were accused of having betrayed the government
and the people and of having seriously jeopardized the repayment to the
government of the subsidies provided in the Pacific Railroad bills.
July 24, 1872 - New York, New Haven and Hartford
Railroad formed through consolidation of New York and New Haven Railroad
and Hartford and New Haven Railroad; 1903 - New York
investors, led by J. P. Morgan, gained control; installed Charles S.
Mellen as President.
August 20, 1872 -
William Robinson, of
Brooklyn, NY, received a patent for an "Improvement in Electric
Signaling Apparatus for Railroads".
January 20, 1874 - Elijah H. McCoy, of Ypsilanti, MI,
received a patent for "Improvement in Steam-Lubricators".
February 10, 1874 - Charles H. Brown, of Salem, MA, and
Lewis H. Lattimer, of Somerville, MA, received a patent for
"Water-Closets for Railroad-Cars" ("Improvements in Water-Closets for
Railway Passenger-Cars").
1876 - Investors who
purchased Pacific Railroad created
Missouri Pacific Railway; 1879 - Jay Gould acquired
controlling interest; 1881 - Missouri Pacific gained
control of St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern.
June 4, 1876 - Transcontinental Express train arrived in
San Francisco 83 hours after leaving New York City (vs. four days).
February 12, 1877 - U.S. railroad builders strike against
wage reduction.
July 14, 1877 - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers
(suffered through two pay cuts since the start of the Panic of 1873)
walked off the job to agitate for higher pay and fairer work conditions;
July 20, 1877 - Maryland militia, called in to break
the strike, opened fire on a crowd of strikers, killing nine of the
workers. Along with sparking four days of riots in Baltimore, the deaths
of the rail strikers unleashed a torrent of labor activity: workers at
other rail lines, as well as in other industries, called massive
sympathy strikes, some of which were also marred by violence between
strikers and State troopers. In the end, this summer of strikes had
mixed results: while the wave of walkouts helped refuel the
once-flagging labor movement, some workers--most notably the strikers at
the Baltimore and Ohio company--were cowed into signing agreements that
did little, if anything, to help their plight.
July 21, 1877 - Workers in rail-heavy Pittsburgh hit
picket line to stage sympathy strike with Baltimore and Ohio
railroad strike (nine strikers dead and touching off a round of riots
that engulfed Baltimore); rail workers ultimately signed an agreement
that did little to ameliorate their conditions.
July 23, 1877 - Cincinnati Southern, first U.S. municipal
railroad, began operations; ran from Cincinnati through central and
eastern Kentucky to Chattanooga, TN; to the Norfolk Southern Railroad.
May 31, 1879 - First electric railway opened at the Berlin
Trades Exposition.
June 14, 1881 - Ephraim Shay, of Haring, MI, received a
patent for a "Locomotive-Engine" ("to work on tramways and light rails
with reduced wear on the track"); geared, small steam locomotive to haul
heavy logging trains at low speeds over rough terrain with poorly-laid,
uneven track, sharp curves, grades up to 14 percent.
February 5, 1883 - Southern Pacific Railroad (the "Espee")
completed its transcontinental "Sunset Route" from New Orleans to
California by gaining full control of a number of smaller railroads;
consolidated its dominance over rail traffic to the Pacific;
1869 - Big Four's
(Crocker, Hopkins, Huntington, Stanford) western-based Central Pacific
had linked up with the eastern-based Union Pacific in Utah, creating the
first transcontinental American railway; 1870 -
"Big Four" conceived plan to increase their control over West Coast
shipping); 1877 - Southern Pacific controlled 85 percent
of California's railroad mileage; 1881 - Huntington linked
the Southern Pacific to the Santa Fe Railroad at Deming, New Mexico,
created the second American transcontinental railway; termed "the
Octopus" for its tentacled stranglehold on much of the California
economy, Southern Pacific inspired Californians to create some of the
first strong public regulations over railroads in American history;
mighty Southern Pacific Railroad played an essential role in fostering
the growth of a vibrant California economy for decades to come.
June 2, 1883 - Electric Railway Company (incorporated to
develop the patents and inventions of Thomas Edison and Stephen D.
Field) demonstrated first electric elevated railroad in the U.S.; built
around outer edge of the main exhibition building of the Chicago Railway
Exposition; June 9, 1883 - The "El" began operation;
July 1883 - made 1,588 trips, carried 28,805 passengers, ran
overall 446 miles before exhibition closed on 23 Jun 1883.
September 8, 1883 - Northern Pacific Railroad drove last
spike at Independence Creek, MT.
October 6, 1883 - Orient Express completed first run from
Paris to Constantinople (now Istanbul); took nearly 78
hours.
November 18, 1883 - The American Railway Association
instituted standard time in the U.S. at noon; adopted from system first
proposed by Charles F. Dowd, a school principal in New York state; North
America was divided into four time zones, fifteen degrees of longitude,
one hour of "standard time" apart; Sir Stanford Fleming proposed
extension of the Dowd system to the whole world with 24 time zones;
1918 - Congress officially adopted the railroad time zones
and put them under the supervision of the Interstate Commerce
Commission.
February 12, 1884 - Thomas Edison received a patent for
"Insulation of Railroad-Tracks Used for Electrical Circuits" ("better
insulation of lines of rails when the rails of each line of rails are
electrically united and form conductors for conveying an electric
current for utilization along the line of rails").
June 3, 1884 - Granville T. Woods, of Cincinnati, OH,
received a patent for a "Steam-Boiler Furnace"; appliance for electric
railways.
November 7, 1885 - Canada's transcontinental railway
completed at remote spot called Craigellachie in mountains of
British Columbia; Canadian Pacific laid 4,600 kilometers of single
track, railway completed six years ahead of schedule; first train
from Montreal to Vancouver averaged 24mph.
March 6, 1886 - Some 9,000 members of Knights of Labor
struck to protest practices of Southwestern Railroad system; took on
Wall Street financier Jay Gould; effectively halted service on 5,000
miles of track; saddled Southwestern rail with losses totaling $3
million; impeded trans-coastal trade network; forfeited $900,000 in
wages, eventually began to suffer from hunger; May 1886 -
strikers returned to work.
January 10, 1888 -
Black American inventor, Albert B.
Blackburn, of Springfield, OH, received a
patent for a "Railway-Signal" ("operated by the wheel or wheels of the
train").
May 1, 1888 - Trial of first electric freight
locomotive in U.S. took place on Ansonia, Derby and Birmingham
Electric Line, Connecticut; 17.5 ton engine could pull train of about
35 tons, at less than 10 mph; built by Pullman Car Co. of Pullman,
IL.
June 19, 1888 - Thomas A. Edison and Ezra T. Gilliland
received a patent for "Railway Signaling"; related to signaling systems
for communicating between stations and moving trains by induction from
the telegraph wires to the roofs of the cars.
July 17, 1888 - Granville T. Woods, of Cincinnati, OH,
received a patent for "Tunnel Construction for Electric Railways"
("Improvements in Tunnel Constructions for Electro-Motive Railways").
September 11, 1888 - King David Kalakaua granted charter
for a railroad to Benjamin Dillingham, a self-made businessman;
November 16, 1889 - Oahu Railway and Land Company, 18.5 mile
railroad, began operating in Hawaii; 1947 - dissolved.
April 23, 1889 - Arnold Romain, of New Orleans, LA,
received a patent for a "Passenger-Register" ("Improvements in a
Fare-Register...registering devices...to render such registration
entirely automatic").
May 31, 1891 - Work on trans-Siberian railway began.
February 16, 1892 - Thomas A. Edison received a patent for
a "Converter System for Electric Railways".
May 24, 1892 - Thomas A. Edison was issued three patents
for an "Electric Locomotive" and a fourth patent relating to an
"Electric Railway.
February 20, 1893 - Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (key
transporter for Pennsylvania's anthracite mine industry) fell into
receivership (ran up debts totaling $125 million); helped plunge
America into the Panic of 1893; railroad survived in various forms
before fiscal difficulties finally drove it out of business in the early
1970s.
March 2, 1893 - First federal railroad legislation passed;
required safety features.
June 20, 1893 - Black American inventor Thomas W. Stewart
and William E. Johnson, of Detroit, MI, received a patent for a
"Station- Indicator" ("to indicate the different stations or streets
which the car is approaching").
October 13, 1893 - Union Pacific, one of the nation's
largest railroads, announced that it was in receivership; 1897
- sold to group of investors, including Edward H. Harriman,
then-president of Illinois Central,
for $110 million.
May 1, 1894 - William B. Purvis, of Philadelphia, PA,
received a patent for an "Electric Railway" ("for automatically lifting
portions of an electric conductor...so that the current can be
transmitted to a motor on a car or vehicle").
May 11, 1894 -
Workers at the Pullman
Palace Car Co. in Illinois went on strike with the help/support of labor
leader Eugene Debs and his American Railway Union (ARU);
June 1894 - sympathetic railway workers boycotted trains
carrying Pullman cars nationwide;
Pullman
convinced government that strikes and boycotts were inhibiting
delivery of America's mail (though his trains didn't carry any);
July - government banned the boycotts, swiftly shipped 2000
troops to Chicago; July 20 , 1894 - militia left Chicago,
34 men dead, AFL chief Samuel Gompers refused to lend any substantial
support, workers forced to capitulate to management; many strikers
barred from working in rail industry.
August 4, 1894 - Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began use
of electric engines (vs. steam)
in regular service for freight trains; traveled on 3.6 mile route
through Baltimore tunnel.
March 26, 1895 - Henry L. Simmons, of Wickes, MT, received a patent for a
"Railroad-Train" ("whereby one train may pass over another train which
it meets or overtakes upon the same track"); railroad car for passing.
May 1, 1895 -
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began regular use of
electric engines (vs. steam) for passenger trains.
July 8, 1895 - Delagoa Bay Railway opened in South-Africa.
January 12, 1897 - Daniel L. White, of Cincinnati, OH,
received a patent for an "Extension-Step for Cars" ("means for
increasing the number of steps in a flight when required, to provide an
extensible flight which will be safe in either of its positions, and to
provide an automatically folding flight").
August 17, 1897 - William B. B Purvis, of Philadelphia,
PA, received a patent for an "Electrical Railway System"; electric
railway switch.
November 23, 1897
- Andrew Jackson Beard, of Eastlake, AL, received a patent for a
"Car-Coupling" ("improvements in that class of car-couplings in which
horizontal jaws engage each other to connect the cars"); "Jenny coupler"
hooked railroad cars together by allowing them to bump into each other;
received $50,000 for the patent rights.
March 14, 1899 - James H. Robinson, of Minneapolis, MN,
received a patent for a "Life-Saving Guard for Locomotives" )"for
gathering up obstacles on the track to prevent their being crushed by
the wheels of the train...to enable the engineer to gather up persons
who may be walking or lying on the track without injury to them other
than the shock resulting from being caught up suddenly by a
rapidly-moving train").
April 23, 1899 - Arnold Romain, of New Orleans, LA,
received a patent for a "Passenger-Register" ("improvements in
registering devices, and its object is to render such registration
entirely automatic").
April 30, 1900 - A legend born as engineer John Luther
''Casey'' Jones of Illinois Central Railroad died in train wreck
near Vaughan, MS, after staying at controls in effort to save passengers.
January 29, 1901 - Black inventor, Granville T. Woods, of
New York, NY, received a patent for an "Electric Railway"; applied to
electric trains which take their power from conductors in road-bed;
assigned to General Electric Co.
March 10, 1902 - Attorney General Philander Knox filed anti-trust suit against J. P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company,
New Jersey-based holding concern for Morgan's sizable western railroad
business, for violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act; 1904
- Supreme Court ruled against Northern Securities, handed Theodore
Roosevelt, Knox high-profile victory in war on trusts; solidified
Roosevelt's reputation as "trustbuster", asserted federal government's
right to regulate corporate America.
June 10, 1902 - Granville T. Woods, of New York, NY,
received a patent for an "Automatic Air-Brake" ("to compel a positive
action of each brake when the same is expected to 'go on', to stop the
car, or to 'come off', and thereby release the car"); assigned to
Westinghouse Air Brake Company.
January 13, 1903 - Black American inventor, Granville T.
Woods, received a U.S. patent for an "Electric Railway System" of the
type that "current for the car-motor is taken from working contacts or
conductors along the road bed" to "insure safety from shock at the
working conductor or contacts, reduce leakage to a minimum, economize
current in the operation of the system, and at the same time provide a
system which can be easily constructed and perfectly controlled."
May 26, 1903 - Granville T. Woods and Lyates Woods, of New
York, NY, received a patent for an "Electric Railway" ("improvements in
electric railways provided with normally dead sectional conductors";
assigned to general Electric Company.
July 5, 1904 - Fletcher T. Troutman & Albert Gonzales, of
Los Angeles, CA, received a patent for a "Railroad-Switch" ("to enable a
switch to be thrown by an operator upon a moving car, and thereby save
time of stopping the car and going ahead of the same to turn the switch,
so that the car will move onto the side or switch track").
July 21, 1904 - Trans-Siberian railway completed after
13 years of work (4,607-miles), linked European Russia with the Pacific
coast, opened Siberia to large-scale colonization; reduced gap between
the industrial development of Russia and Europe; expanded the Russian
industrial proletariat, which was concentrated in a few large cities;
1891 - construction began on the initiative of Count Sergei
Yulyevich Witte, completed in 1905; longest railroad in the world.
January 1, 1905 - The Trans-Siberian Railway made maiden voyage, united Vladivostok, Manchuria with Paris, France.
April 2, 1905 - Cairo-Capetown railway opened.
1906 - Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific organized
the Pacific Fruit Express, world's largest refrigerator car operator.
June 29, 1906 - Congress passed Hepburn Act;
effectively created first of the government's regulatory
commissions; enlarged Interstate Commerce Commission's
jurisdiction, forbade railroads to increase rates without its approval,
gave ICC the authority to set maximum rates.
December 23, 1907- Pennsylvania Railroad Co. completed first U.S. all-steel passenger railroad coach; previous design had steel underframe and superstructure, composite roof, wooden window
frames and sills.
February 25, 1908 - Hudson and Manhattan Railroad trains
began operations; invited dignitaries gathered at station on New York
side of Hudson; telegraph operator sent message to White House, Theodore
Roosevelt pushed button that turned on station's power, illuminated
waiting trains; 1954 - Hudson and Manhattan Railroad filed
for bankruptcy; 1962 - Port Authority Trans-Hudson
Corporation (PATH) purchased tubes.
January 22, 1912 - Florida East Coast Railroad opened,
ran between Key West and mainland; 1935 - railroad
closed, paved road opened.
April 22, 1913 - Thomas Wright, of Jersey City, NJ,
received patent for a "Side Delivery Dump Body" ("body elevating
mechanism") to load ice into refrigerator railway cars; truck with an
extension top that could be adjusted to any position, ice could be
loaded by one man, without help, even in upper section of the railcar.
March 19, 1917 - The
Supreme Court upheld eight-hour work day for railroads.
December 26, 1917 -
To support the war effort President Woodrow Wilson announced nationalization of large majority of
country’s railroads under
Federal Possession and Control Act; December 28 - United
States Railroad Administration (USRA) seized control; railroads divided
into three divisions—East, West and South; passenger services
streamlined, inessential travel eliminated, over 100,000 new railroad
cars, 1,930 steam engines ordered (designed to latest standards) at total cost of $380 million; March 1918 - Railroad Control
Act passed into law; stated that within 21 months of peace treaty, railroads would be returned by government to their owners who would
be compensated for use of their property; March 1920 -
USRA disbanded, railroads became private property again.
June 6, 1919
- Canadian National Railways incorporated; longest railway system in
North America, controls more than 30 000 miles of track in Canada, US.
1921 - Railway Act in Britain amalgamated companies – only
four remained.
October 16, 1922 - The Simplon II railway tunnel,
under Alps, linked Switzerland and Italy, completed.
May 8, 1926 - A. Philip Randolph organized Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters.
May 20, 1926 - Railway Labor Act became law.
November 15, 1928 - SRS 102, first commercial service
of non-destructive rail detector car to detect transverse fissures in
railroad rails, began service on Wabash Railway in Montpelier, OH;
tested 155 miles of track in 14 days, found average of 14 defects a
day.
May 24, 1931 -
B&O
Railroad installed first air-conditioned train.
February 10, 1935 - Pennsylvania Rail Road began
passenger service on new electric locomotive.
February 7, 1940 - British railroads nationalized.
January 19, 1944 -
Federal government relinquished control of nation's railroads
after settling month-long wage dispute; December 27, 1943
- President Franklin Roosevelt had ordered government to take control of railroads to avoid paralysis of nation's rail lines.
May 17, 1946 -
President Harry S. Truman seized control of nation's railroads, delayed threatened strike by engineers, trainmen.
January 1, 1948 - British Railways nationalized.
November 15, 1948 -
First gas-turbine electric locomotive in U.S., 4800 hp
Alco-GE, track-tested in Erie, PA; hauled 85 loaded freight cars at
speeds as high as 65 mph.
June 16, 1949 - First gas turbine-electric locomotive in
U.S. publicly demonstrated in, Erie, PA; gas-turbine engine originally designed for aircraft, gave forward thrust from reaction
of its exhaust stream; in the locomotive, power from turbine used to drive generator supplied electric power to eight traction
motors driving locomotive wheels.
August 25, 1950 - President Harry S. Truman ordered
Army to seize control of nation's railroads to avert strike.
June 8, 1953 - Union Pacific Railroad placed first U.S.
propane fuelled gas-turbine locomotive in service; delivered more than
4,800 h.p. (more than three diesel units), had advantage of clean
burning, kept turbine blades free from carbon deposits with less wear;
January 1954 - although test considered a success, locomotive was
converted to burn residual fuel oil.
September 1, 1960 - Disgruntled rail workers effectively
halted operations at Pennsylvania Railroad for two days; first
shutdown in company's 114-year history.
May 28, 1961 - The Orient Express, from Paris to
Bucharest, made last journey after operating for 78 years; 1982 - route
revived.
October 1, 1964 - Japanese Shinkansen (or, "bullet
trains") began high-speed rail service from Tokyo to Osaka.
April 27, 1966 - Pennsylvania and New York Central
Railroads merged, formed Pennsylvania and New York Central
Transportation Company (Penn Central), single biggest merger in U.S.
corporate history, $4 billion in assets, one of the ten biggest
non-fiscal companies in America;
1970 - mismanagement and financial difficulties pushed
Penn Central to file for bankruptcy.
December 3, 1967 - The 20th Century Limited, famed luxury train, completed final run from New York City to
Chicago.
February 1, 1968 - Merger of Pennsylvania Railroad and the
New York Central Railroad completed; June 21, 1970 - Penn
Central filed for bankruptcy; April 1, 1976 - Conrail
begins operations; March 25, 1994 - Penn Central
Corporation (non-railroad businesses, such as real estate and insurance)
changed its name to American Premier Underwriters (APU); 1995
- purchased by American Financial Group (AFG).
May 1, 1971 -
Amtrak, combined and streamlined operations of 18 intercity
passenger railroads, began service.
October 14, 1980
- President Jimmy Carter signed Staggers Rail Act of 1980 into
law (named for Congressman Harley Staggers (D-WV), chaired House
Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee;
believed to be first
(but not last) case in which sponsor's name officially
incorporated into text of Federal statute); deregulated railroad industry to
significant extent, replaced regulatory structure that existed
since 1887
Interstate Commerce Act; railroads permitted to determine
where they ran trains, how much to charge; followed Airline
Deregulation Act of 1978.
February 26, 1981
- French Train, Grande Vitesse, averaged 380 kph on trial run;
September 22, 1981
- took inaugural run from
Paris to Lyons.
July 3, 1996 - Surface
Transportation Board cast unanimous vote in favor of proposed $3.9
billion merger of Union Pacific Railroad's bid to acquire Southern Pacific; Departments of Justice, Transportation and
Agriculture had recommended that both companies sell some rail
lines to prevent negative impact on industry.
October, 2005
- Jitong Railway, 567-mile line in province of Inner
Mongolia, closed - last mainline coal-fired, steam-powered railroad in world
(replaced by diesel).
May 10, 2008 - Amtrak (National
Railroad Passenger Corporation) held first National Train Day, 139 years
after golden spike connected east and west in Promontory Summit, Utah
when "golden spike" was driven into final tie that joined 1,776 miles of
the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railways, ceremonially creating
nation’s first transcontinental railroad and transforming America;
coast-to-coast celebration of way trains connect people and places;
simultaneous National Train Day festivities in New York’s Penn Station,
Union stations in Washington DC, Chicago and Los Angeles.
(Alleghany Corp.), Ian S. Haberman (1979). The Van Sweringins of
Cleveland: The Biography of an Empire. (Cleveland, OH: Western
Reserve Historical Society, p.). Van Sweringen, Mantis James, 1881-1935;
Van Sweringen, Oris Paxton, 1879-1936; Erie Railroad Company--History;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography.
(Alleghany Corp.) , Herbert H. Harwood, Jr. (2003). Invisible
Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers.
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 342 p.). Van Sweringen, Oris
Paxton, 1879-1936; Van Sweringen, Mantis James, 1881-1935;
Businessmen--Ohio--Biography; Real estate
development--Ohio--Cleveland--History; Railroads--Ohio--History;
Cleveland (Ohio)--History.
(Amtrak), Joseph Vranich (1997).
Derailed: What Went Wrong and What To Do about America's Passenger
Trains. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 258 p.). Former President
of the High Speed Rail Association. Former Executive Director of the
National Association of Railroad Passengers. Amtrak; Railroads--United
States; Railroads and state--United States.
--- (2004).
End of the Line: The Failure of Amtrak Reform and the
Future of America's Passenger Trains. (Washington, DC: AEI
Press, 264 p.). Amtrak; Railroads--United States--Passenger traffic;
Railroads--Government policy--United States.
(Amtrak), Craig Sanders (2006).
Amtrak in the Heartland. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 232 p.). Teaches Journalism and Mass Media
Communications (Cleveland State University). Amtrak--History;
Railroads--United States--Passenger traffic--History. Conditions that led to the passage of the Rail Passenger
Service Act of 1970, formation and implementation of Amtrak in
1970–71, major factors that have influenced Amtrak
operations since its inception.
(Antofagasta and Bolivia), Harold Blakemore (1990).
From the
Pacific to La Paz: The Antofagasta (Chili) and Bolivia Railway
Company, 1888-1988. (London, UK: Antofagasta Holdings: Lester
Crook Academic, 34 p.). Antofagasta (Chili) and Bolivia Railway
Company--History; Railroads--Chile--History;
Railroads--Bolivia--History.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), Glenn Danford Bradley (1920).
The
Story of the Santa Fe. (Boston, MA: R.G. Badger, 435 p., rev.
ed.).
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), James Leslie Marshall (1945).
Santa
Fe, the Railroad That Built an Empire. (New York, NY: Random
House, 465 p.). Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), L. L. Waters (1950).
Steel
Trails to Santa Fe. (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 500
p.). Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), Joseph A. Noble (1964). From Cab
to Caboose. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 205 p.).
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company; Railroad engineering.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), E. D. Worley (1965). Iron Horses
of the Santa Fe Trail: A Definitive History, in Fact and Photograph,
of the Motive Power of One of America's Great Railroads. (Dallas,
TX: Southwest Railroad Historical Society, 479 p.). Atchison, Topeka,
and Santa Fe Railroad Company; Locomotives--History.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), Keith L. Bryant, Jr. (1974).
History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. (New York,
NY: Macmillan, 398 p.). Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad
Company.
(Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), Victoria E. Dye (2005).
All Aboard for Santa Fe: Railway Promotion of the Southwest, 1890s to
1930s. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 163
p.). Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company--History;
Railroad travel--New Mexico--Santa Fe--Marketing--History; City
promotion--New Mexico--Santa Fe--History; Tourism--New Mexico--Santa
Fe--History; Santa Fe (N.M.)--History.
Comprehensive study of AT&SF's early involvement in the establishment
of western tourism.
(Atlantic & Great Western Railroad), William Reynolds; edited by
Peter K. Gifford and Robert D. Ilisevich (2002).
European Capital,
British Iron, and an American Dream: The Story of the Atlantic & Great
Western Railroad. (Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 288 p.).
Reynolds, William, 1820-1911; Atlantic and Great Western Railway
Company--History--Sources; Railroads--United States--History--Sources.
(B.C. Electric Railway), Henry Ewert (1986).
The Story of the
B.C. Electric Railway Company. (North Vancouver, BC: Whitecap
Books, 336 p.). British Columbia Electric Railway Company -- History;
Street-railroads -- British Columbia -- Vancouver -- History;
Street-railroads -- British Columbia -- New Westminster -- History;
Street-railroads -- British Columbia -- Nanaimo -- History;
Street-railroads -- British Columbia -- Victoria -- History.
(Baldwin Locomotive Works), Samuel M. Vauclain, with Earl Chapin
May (1973).
Steaming up! The Autobiography of Samuel M. Vauclain, with Earl Chapin
May. (San Marino, CA: Golden West Books, 320 p. [orig. pub.
1930]). Vauclain, Samuel Matthews, 1856-1940; Mechanical
engineers--United States--Biography.
(Baldwin Locomotive Works), Eric Hirsimaki (1986).
Lima: The
History. (Edmonds, WA: Hundman Pub., 351 p.). Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton
Corporation; Locomotives--United States--History.
(Baldwin Locomotive Works), John K. Brown (1995).
The Baldwin
Locomotive Works, 1831-1915: A Study in American Industrial Practice.
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 328 p.). Teaches history
of engineering in the School of Engineering and Applied Science
(University of Virginia). Baldwin
Locomotive Works -- History. Largest maker of heavy machinery in Gilded
Age America , important global exporter.
(Baldwin Locomotive), The Company (2007).
A History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works 1831-1920.
(Philadelphia, PA: Baldwin Locomotive Works, 172 p. [orig. pub.
1920]). Baldwin Locomotive Works--History.
Origins, growth of one of America’s greatest industrial-era
corporations.
(Baltimore & Ohio), Edward Hungerford (1972).
Daniel Willard
Rides the Line; the Story of a Great Railroad Man. (Freeport, NY:
Books for Libraries Press, 301 p. [Reprint of 1938 ed.]). Willard,
Daniel, 1861-1942; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company.
--- (1972).
The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad,
1827-1927. (New York, NY: Arno Press, 365 p. [Reprint of 1928
ed.]). Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company.
(Baltimore & Ohio), Herbert H. Harwood, Jr. (1979).
Impossible
Challenge: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Maryland.
(Baltimore, MD: Barnard, Roberts, 497 p.). Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company.
(Baltimore & Ohio), John F. Stover (1987).
History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. (West Lafayette,
IN: Purdue University Press, 419 p.). Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company--History.
(Baltimore & Ohio), David M. Vrooman (1991). Daniel Willard
and Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.
(Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 218 p.). Willard, Daniel,
1861-1942; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company--Management--History;
Railroads--United States--Management--History; Corporate
culture--United States--History; Organizational
effectiveness--History.
(Baltimore & Ohio), James D. Dilts (1993).
The Great Road: The
Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad,
1828-1853. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 472 p.).
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company -- History.
(Bay of Quinte Railway), Donald M. Wilson (1983). Lost Horizons:
The Story of the Rathbun Company and the Bay of Quinte Railway, Its
Inception, Its Rise to Prominence, a Period of Growth and Stability
and the Decline. (Belleville, ON: Mika, 200 p.). Rathbun Company
-- History; Bay of Quinte Railway Company -- History; Railroads --
Ontario -- History; Deseronto (Ont.) -- History.
(Bellefonte Central Railroad), Michael Bezilla and Jack Rudnick
(2007).
Rails to Penn State: The Story of the Bellefonte Central.
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 310 p.). Bellefonte Central
Railroad--History; Railroads, Local and light--Pennsylvania--History.
Operated in central Pennsylvania from 1880s until 1982; classic
story of rise, decline of short line railroads nationwide; connected with Pennsylvania Railro |
