November 11, 1851 - Alvan Clark, of Cambridge, MA, received patent for a "Telescope"; Alvin Clark Company became one of foremost producers of some of largest lenses for telescopes.

1875 - Hisashige Tanaka opened telegraph equipment factory, Tanaka Seizo-sho (Tanaka Engineering Works), in Shimbashi, Tokyo; Japan's first manufacturer of telegraphic equipment; 1890 - Ichisuke Fujioka, Shoichi Miyoshi established Hakunetsu-sha & Co., Ltd. in Kyobashi, Tokyo, manufactured Japan’s first electric incandescent light bulbs; 1899 - Hakunetsu-sha & Co., Ltd. renamed Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric Co.); 1904 - Tanaka established Shibaura Seisaku-sho (Shibaura Engineering Works); one of Japan's largest manufacturers of heavy electrical apparatus; 1939 - Tokyo Electric Company merged with Shibaura Engineering Works Co., Ltd., formed Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd., integrated electric equipment manufacturer; August 5, 1958 - Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha registered "Toshiba" trademark (electric household refrigerators); September 2, 1958 - Tokyo Shibaura Elect Company Ltd. (d.b.a. Toshiba Corporation) registered "Toshiba" trademark (electric power equipment, electric communication equipment, electric lamps and discharge lamps, electric heaters and cookers, electron tubes and discharge tubes, electric fans); 1978 - name changed to Toshiba Corporation.

March 4, 1877 - Emile Berliner announced his invention of  microphone.

1910 - Namihei Odaira started Hitachi, Ltd. as electrical repair shop in Miyatashibauchi, in village of Hitachi; focused on building electrical machinery using original Japanese technology; manufacturing three 5hp (3.6775 kW) electric motors as company first products; 1924 - completed first large-scale DC electric locomotive manufactured in Japan; 1959 -  established Hitachi America, Ltd.

1915 -  Edwin S. Pridham, Peter L. Jensen (Napa, CA) invented moving-coil loudspeaker, called "Magnavox (rather than loudspeaker); December 10, 1915 - first public demonstration in Golden Gate Park (San Francisco); August 3, 1917 - formed Magnavox Company in San Francisco; 1974 - consumer electronics division acquired by Philips.

1915 - Melville Eastham founded General Radio Company in Cambridge, MA with $9,000 in capital; one of America’s first equipment manufacturers for radio, electronics industry; 1916 - published first catalog of measuring instruments; 1969 - introduced first commercial computer-controlled logic circuit analyzer, created automatic testing industry; 1975 - renamed GenRad; 2001 - acquired by Teradyne for $260 million.

February 22, 1916 - Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, of Schenectady, NY, received a patent for a "Selective Tuning System" ("selection of oscillations of a given wave length from mixed oscillations, and comprises systems suitable for tuning out interferences in radio-telegraphy"); selective radio tuning system.

1919 - Radio Corp. of America introduced radio receiver; marked beginning of consumer electronics sales in U.S.

April 1, 1927 - His Master's Voice introduced first automatic record changer.

September 7, 1927 - Philo Farnsworth first transmitted image of horizontal line from San Francisco laboratory to  receiver in next room through purely electronic means, used  device called an image dissector; led to electronic television; August 26, 1930 - received patents for aelevision receiver,  television system; 1935 - courts ruled on patent, named him "father of television" (vs. RCA effort to credit one of its television engineers); upheld on appeal.

August 26, 1930 - Philo Farrnsworth, of Berkeley, CA, received a patent for a "Television System" ("an apparatus and process for the instantaneous transmission of a scene or moving image of an object located at a distance in which the transmission is by electricity"); television system and a television receiver; assigned patent to television Laboratories, Inc. of San Francisco, CA.

1946 - Tadao Kashio set up business called Kashio Seisakujo, small subcontractor factory that made microscope parts and gears, in Mitaka, Tokyo; 1954 - with brother, Toshio, completed Japan's first electric calculator (lacked continuing multiplication function); June 1957 - Kashio brothers established CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. as development,  production company for relay calculators; signed contract with Uchida Yoko Co., Ltd. as exclusive dealer; June 1965 - Exclusive dealer contract with Uchida Yoko Co., Ltd., discontinued; took over 50 sales outlets; September 1966 - electronic desktop calculators exported overseas for first time; November 14, 1972 - registered "Casio" trademark (mechanical and manual calculators, and parts therefor);  November 1974 - CASIOTRON electronic wristwatch released; January 1984 - databank wristwatch that can store telephone numbers released; May 1985 - pocket-size LCD TV released; November 1997 - CASSIOPEIA handheld PC released in North America; April 2002 - first to deliver cellular phone with built-in digital camera, equipped with GPS.

May 7, 1946 - Masaru Ibuka (38), Akio Morita (25) established Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation), in Nihonbashi, Tokyo capital of just 190,000 yen, approximately 20 employees; September 1949 - first magnetic tape recorder prototype completed; March 1950 - launched Japan's first magnetite-coated, paper-based recording tape, “Soni-Tape”; July 1950 - launched first magnetic tape recorder; February 1955 - decided to use SONY logo on Totsuko products; January 1958 - company name changed to Sony Corporation; February 1960 - Sony Corporation of America established; October 18, 1960 - registered "Sony" trademark first used May 9, 1955 (radio, television, tape recorder, and accessories and parts thereof); June 1961 - first Japanese company to offer shares in United States in form of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs); March 1968 - established CBS/Sony Records Inc., 50-50 joint venture with CBS Inc. (renamed CBS Sony Inc. in August 1973; renamed  CBS/Sony Group Inc. in August 1983; became wholly-owned Sony subsidiary in January 1988; renamed Sony Music Entertainment Inc. in April 1991); October 1968 - introduced “Trinitron” color TV; September 1970 - listed on New York Stock Exchange; October 1982 - introduced world's first CD player (portable CD player in November 1984); January 1988 - acquired CBS Records Inc., records group of CBS; June 1989 - acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. in August 1991); July 1997 - launched home-use PC (VAIO); October 2001 - established Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications; August 2004 - established Sony BMG Music Entertainment; April 2005 - acquired, in consortium, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer (MGM).

May 16, 1946 - Jack Mullin demonstrated world's first magnetic tape recording device to Institute of Radio Engineers in San Francisco; modified version of German Magnetophones with ac biasing (added dc biasing); August 1947 - won contract to record, edit Bing Crosby's radio shows, "Philco Radio Time" on ABC radio; Crosby appointed Mullin as his chief engineer; invested $50,000 in AMPEX (founded in San Carlos, CA in 1944, acronym for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence - AMPEX) so that company could expand commercial production of Mullin's prototype reel-to-reel tape recorder (Bing Crosby Enterprises became its West coast distributor); 1948 - American Broadcasting Company used Ampex Model 200 audio recorder for first-ever U.S. tape delay radio broadcast of The Bing Crosby Show; recorders used by radio networks, leading recording studios.

1947 - Toshio Iue, brother-in-law of Konosuke Matsushita, former president of shipbuilding subsidiary of Matsushita, founded SANYO ("three oceans") Electric Works (Honmachi, Moriguchi City, Osaka), with a loan of 500,000 yen from Sumitomo Bank plus 700,000 of his own capital, as bicycle-lamp maker; first model of bicycle generator lamp (Model 47) launched; February 1, 1947 - first SANYO Electric Plant started operation; April 1950 - founded SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. (took over all business related to dynamo-powered bicycle lamps); 1952 - launched first plastic radio, SS-52; 1953 - launched Japan’s first pulsator-type washing machine, SW-53 (priced at about half of agitation-style machines); 1960 - introduced first tape recorder model, S-21MR; 1966 - launched first video tape recorder model for home use, VTR-1000; 1967 - established mass production system for color TVs, released Japan's first truly affordable model; 1976 - introduced CX-8176L thin calculator, first product employing lithium batteries,1980 - licensed lithium battery technology to Duracell Co., Ltd.; 1999 - in-house company management system introduced; eight business segments reorganized into five companies; 2004 - restructured; 2006 - received $2.6 billion bailout from Goldman Sachs Group-led consortium, result of grow-at-any-cost strategy, interests in too many product markets; 2007 - grandson of founder stepped down as President; ended family's leadership of company.

1947 - In-Hwoi Koo founded Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp.; 1952 - first Korean company to enter plastics industry; 1953 - Lak Hui Industry established; 1958 - established Goldstar Co., Ltd., (currently LG Electronics Inc.); 1959 - produced first radio in Korea; 1960 - produced Korea's first electric fans; 1961 - developed first telephone in Korea; 1965 - developed first refrigerator in Korea; 1966 - developed first black and white TV in Korea; 1967 - Lak Hui Oil and Fat Industry developed first shampoo in Korea; 1968 - developed first room air conditioner in Korea; 1969 - developed first elevator, escalator, washing machine in Korea; 1977 - developed color television; 1979 - developed first videotape recorder in Korea; 1981 - Lucky Engineering developed first computer in Korea; 1982 - developed first color video camera in Korea; 1983 - developed first compact disc player in Korea; 1987 - developed first silicon wafer in Korea; 1995 - LG Electronics Inc. acquired Zenith, largest electronics company in United States; 2005 - LG Electronics number one in world for sales of optical storage devices; fourth-largest supplier of mobile handsets market worldwide.

December 23, 1947 - John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratory in Murray Hill, NJ, first demonstrated transistor (name came from its electrical property known as trans-resistance); replaced bulkier vacuum tube, referred to as electronic engineer's dream; simple, tiny device utilized electronic semiconducting properties of  germanium wafer, represented significant advance in technology incorporated into electronic equipment as  functional replacement for vacuum tube, provided great savings in space, electrical power consumption; made possible small portable, battery-powered transistor radios sold to public by late 1954.

January 27, 1948 - Wire Recording Corporation of America announced 'Wireway' machine, first magnetic wire recorder; built-in oscillator, sold for $149.50.

September 7, 1948 - Louis W. Parker, of Woodside, NY, received a patent for a "Television Receiver" ("an improved way of separating and reproducing the video and audio components of the received television signal"); "intercarrier sound system" used in all television receivers in world.

October 1, 1949 - Kimble Glass Co., subsidiary of Owens-Illinois, delivered first practical rectangular television tube made in U.S.; sold for about $12; bulb face of tube measured approx. 12in. by 16in.

March 30, 1950 - Dr. John Northrup Shive, of Bell Telephone Laboratories (Murray Hill, NJ), announced invention of  phototransistor, operated by light rather than electric current; used tiny chip of germanium, semiconductor material, but only single collector wire.

October 3, 1952 - Jack Mullin (electronics division of Bing Crosby Enterprises, Inc., Los Angeles, CA) made first U.S. video recording on magnetic tape; used 12-head Video Tape Recorder (one-inch tape running at 120 inches per second to record ten tracks of monochrome video information, clock track to control synchronization, FM audio track); gave credible results of off-air black and white recordings, one-third less costly than photographic methods, immediately available to reproduce on standard TV monitor tube as soon as tape  rewound.

November 11, 1952 - Inventors Jack Mullin, Wayne Johnson demonstrated first video recorder.

March 25, 1954 - RCA manufactured its first color TV set (12-inch screen for $1,000), began mass production.

October 18, 1954 - Texas Instruments announced first Transistor radio.

1955 - Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (incorporated in 1935) created PanaSonic name ("pan" meaning "all" combined with "sonic" meaning "sound") for brand of audio speakers; February 5, 1957 - Matsushita Denki Sangyo Kabushiki Kaisha Corporation (Osaka, Japan) registered Panasonic trademark (loud speakers and microphones and other public address systems, and magnetic recorders); 1966 - English lettering adopted; 1971 - logo revised.

April 14, 1956 - Ampex Corporation of Redwood City, CA demonstrated VT-100, first practical commercial black-and-white video recorder at broadcast convention in Chicago and simultaneously in Redwood City, CA; invented by Ray Dolby, Charles Ginsberg, Charles Anderson; recorded both images and sound; size of deep-freeze with additional five 6-foot racks of circuitry; 2-inch wide magnetic tape moved at speed of 15 inches per second; single 14-inch reel could carry a 65-min. recording; Columbia Broadcasting System purchased three at $75,000 for each unit.

April 16, 1956 - Admiral Corporation, Chicago, IL first sold  Sun Power Pak, radio made to run either on batteries or solar-cell power (electrical power from sunlight using a silicon "solar cell element"); used six transistors instead of vacuum tubes, six ordinary flashlight batteries could give 700 to 1,000 hours of use.

April 16, 1956 - First solar powered radios sold.

1958 - William Higinbotham, nuclear physicist, created first video game, rudimentary version of table tennis.

1960 - Dr. Henry Singleton, Dr. George Kozmetsky formed   Teledyne ("Power Through Communication") to capitalize on coming revolution in digital technology (replace analog devices, systems).

June 24, 1963 - Norman Rutherford, Michael Turner, of Nottingham Electronic Valve Company (NEVC), developed  Telcan fixed-head longitudinal videotape, open-reel, recorder  for home-taping of television programs, first demonstrated at BBC Studios, London; mounted on top of  television cabinet, machine used quarter-inch tape running at 120 ips (10 feet/sec) past fixed heads, carried two low-resolution black and white 15-minute tracks; never went on sale; Telcan, NEVC collapsed.

June 7, 1965 - Sony Corporation unveiled videocassette recorder (VCR) FOR $995.00.

February 1972 - Andreas Pavel tested "stereobelt" in Switzerland; March 1977 - filed patent for device in Milan;  came to be known as "Walkman".

October 1977 - Atari released Atari 2600, Video Computer System (VCS); first successful video game console to use plug-in cartridges (9 available) instead of having one or more games built in; price $199; January 1980 - introduced Space Invaders; first company to port arcade game to cartridge.

February 14, 1978 - Graham S. Tubbs, of Houston, TX, received a patent for a "Digital Microprocessor System with Shared Decode" ("electronic digital processor system"); first "micro on a chip"; assigned to Texas Instruments Incorporated.

July 1, 1979 - Sony introduced Sony Walkman; 1980 - began royalty negotiations with Andreas Pavel; 1986 - agreed to limited fee arrangement; 1989 - initiated new royalty suit in Britain; 1996 - case dismissed; 2003 - Sony settled out of court (cash settlement for damages reported to be in low 8 figures plus royalties on some Walkman sales).

October 10, 1979 - Namco released Pac-Man arcade game to Japanese market.

June 17, 1980 - Atari's "Asteroids", "Lunar Lander" first two video games registered in Copyright Office.

March 22, 1981 - RCA first put SelectaVision VideoDisc on sale (exactly 10 years after RCA applied for first patents); based on electronic capacitance technology, marvel of mass-production research and development, able to play two-hour movie on twelve-inch, fifteen-dollar record on $500 player; arrived on market too late to compete (VCR's had dropped in price during development phase); April 1984 - manufacturing abandoned.

January 20, 1982 - Hitachi, JVC, Philips, Matsushita,  Sony agreed to cooperate on construction of camcorder: 

August 17, 1982 - N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Hanover, Germany, produced compact disc of "The Visitors" by Abba; November 1982 - went on sale; beginning of digital era in sound and image.

October 1, 1982 - CBS/Sony introduced compact discs (CD) optical disc media in Japan with 112 different CD titles, CD player (Sony's CDP-101); 120-mm (4.7-in.) diameter plastic disk, used tiny pits read by laser to reproduce sound or other information; two major CD plants: PolyGram's Hanover, West Germany plant, Sony's plant in Japan; advantages over phonograph record, recording tape: smaller size, greater dynamic range, extremely low distortion; sold over 20,000 CD players; June 1983 - CBS shipped first CD "prepacks; 1983 - sales totaled about 30,000 players, 800,000 discs; 1984 - first large US plant, Sony subsidiary, Digital Audio Disc Corporation (DADC), opened in Terre Haute, IN; 1985 - sales totals to 22 million discs; 1987 - over 200 labels issued CDs, over 100 million discs for market of 9 million CD players; 1991 - music carrier of choice, sales exceeded those of audiocassettes.

January 17, 1984 - U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that private use of home video cassette recorders to tape TV programs did not violate federal copyright laws.

October 18, 1985 - Nintendo released Nintendo Entertainment System in United States.

October 30, 1987 - In Japan, NEC released first 16-bit home entertainment system, the PC-Engine.

September 27, 1989 - Sony Corp. completed acquisition of  CBS Records, world's biggest record company, for $3.4 billion; deal included CBS's global manufacturing plants, subsidiary companies, 10,000 employees, Columbia House, direct-mail music club.

September 29, 1998 - Keith E. Thurston, of Ottawa, ON,  Kenneth G. Thurston;, of Gloucester, ON, received a design patent for a "Hand Controller for Video Game".

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Stephen Kline, Nick Dyer-Witheford, and Greig de Peuter (2003). Digital Play: The Interaction of Technology, Culture, and Marketing. (Montreal, QU: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 368 p.). Video games--Social aspects; Video games--Economic aspects. Major study of the video and computer game industry.

George Kozmetsky and Piyu Yue (1997). Global Economic Competition: Today's Warfare in Global Electronics Industries and Companies. (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 426 p.). Electronic industries; Computer industry; Competition, International.

David L. Morton, Jr. and Joseph Gabriel (2004). Electronics: The Life Story of a Technology. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 201 p.). Electronics--History. Origin, development of electronics; history, workings of vacuum tubes, transistors, lasers, logic chips, cathode ray tubes, photovoltaics, diodes, microprocessors, other milestones of electronic innovations.

Simon Partner (1999). Assembled in Japan: Electrical Goods and the Making of the Japanese Consumer. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 303 p.). Assistant Professor of History (Duke University). Electronic industries--Japan; Consumers--Japan.

Hans Queisser; translated by Diane Crawford-Burkhardt (1988). The Conquest of the Microchip. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 200 p.). Microelectronics -- History.

Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson (1997). Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age. (New York, NY: Norton, 352 p.). Physicist; Historian of Science. Electronics--History; Transistors--History. 

Ed. Mark J.P. Wolf (2007). The Video Game Explosion: A History from Pong to Playstation and Beyond. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 400 p.). Associate Professor in the Communication Department (Concordia University Wisconsin). Video games--Social aspects; Video games--History. Growth of global phenomenon that has become integral part of popular culture; leading video game innovators, technological advances that made games of late 1970s, those of today possible, corporations that won, lost billions of dollars pursing lucrative market.

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Business History Links

Consumer Electronics Association                                                      http://www.ce.org                                                                     Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) membership unites 2000 companies within the U.S. consumer technology industry. CEA's mission is to grow the consumer electronics industry. industry authority on market research and forecasts; consumer surveys; legislative and regulatory news; engineering standards; training resources and more.

The Philo T. Farnsworth Archives                                             http://philotfarnsworth.com                                                             Official site about Philo Farnsworth, credited with inventing television in the 1920s. Find a brief chronology, photos of Farnsworth (who died in 1971) and his wife Pem (who died in 2006), early television tubes, and the controlling patent for television. Includes a list of patents held by Farnsworth and a bibliography. Site created and maintained by the Farnsworth family.

History of the Transistor                                                          http://www.pbs.org/transistor/                                                     "The Transistor was probably the most important invention of the 20th Century, and the story behind the invention is one of clashing egos and top secret research." - Ira Flatow, Transistorized!

Sony History                                                                 http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/