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DRUGS - Business
History of Manufacturers
Interesting Dates
1668 - Friedrich Jacob Merck acquired
ownership of the "Engel-Apotheke" [Angel Pharmacy]
in Darmstadt;
1827 -
Heinrich Emanuel Merck initiated
move to large-scale production of alkaloids;
1889 - Georg Merck, grandson of Heinrich Emanuel Merck, took over
the office in New York and established Merck & Co.;
1899 - first Merck Manual published;
1925 - George W. Merck assumed control; 1930's
- pharmaceutical
research
began; 1953 - merger with
pharmaceutical firm
Sharp & Dohme =
foundation for a fully integrated,
multi-national producer and distributor of pharmaceutical products;
world´s oldest still operating pharmaceutical
and chemical company.
1758 - Johann Rudolf
Geigy-Gemuseus began trading in “Materials, Chemicals, Dyes and Drugs of
all Kinds"; 1914 - name changed to J.R. Geigy
Ltd.; 1945 - abbreviation, CIBA, became company’s
name; 1938 - created pharmaceutical department.
1781 -
Chobei Takeda I (32) started business selling traditional Japanese,
Chinese medicines in Doshomachi, Osaka, center of medicine trade in
Japan; bought medicines from wholesalers, divided them into smaller
batches, sold them to local medicine merchants, doctors; beginning of
present-day Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.; 1871 -
Chobei Takeda IV formed cooperative union for purchasing Western
medicines (quinine, anti-malaria drug, and phenol, an anti-cholera
drug), began transactions with foreign trading companies; 1895,
- became pharmaceutical manufacturer (bismuth subgallate, antidiarrheal
agent, and quinine hydrochloride); 1925 - Incorporated as
Chobei Takeda & Co., Ltd.; 1943 - name changed to Takeda
Pharmaceutical Industries Limited; 1961 - English name
changed to Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.
April 30, 1796
- Samuel Lee, Jr. of Connecticut, received a patent for "Composition of
Billious Pills"; first U.S. patent for pill; marketed as "Lee's Windham
Pills" (composed of gamboge, aloes, soap, nitrate of potassa).
1830 - John K. Smith opened first drugstore in Philadelphia;
1865 - Mahlon Kline joined Smith and Shoemaker as
bookkeeper.
1875 - Mahlon K Smith and Company renamed Smith, Kline
and Company; 1891 - acquired French, Richards and
Company, 1929 - renamed Smith Kline and French
Laboratories; 1952 - introduced first time-released
medicine, Dexedrine; 1960 - launches Contac,
cold remedy; November 21, 1961 - registered "Contac"
trademark first used February 7, 1961 (Oral Nasal Decongestant);
1982 - acquired Allergan, eye and skincare business; merged
with Beckman Instruments Inc (specialized in diagnostics, measurement
instruments and supplies); renamed SmithKline Beckman; 1989
- merged with The Beecham Group plc, formed SmithKline Beecham plc;
1994 - third-largest over-the-counter medicines company in
world, number one in Europe, international markets; December
27, 2000 - merged with Glaxo Wellcome, renamed
GlaxoSmithKline, world's largest pharmaceutical company by market
share (at time of merger).
November 3, 1839
- The first Opium War between China and Britain began.
1842 - Thomas Beecham, farm
worker from Oxfordshire, launched Beecham's
Pills laxative business in England; 1945 - Beecham Group
Ltd established (replaced Beecham Pills Ltd, Beecham Estates Ltd;
incorporated Beecham Research Laboratories; 1989
-SmithKline Beckman merged with The Beecham Group plc, formed SmithKline Beecham.
1849 -
Cousins Charles Pfizer (chemist), Charles Erhart (confectioner),
young entrepreneurs from Germany, borrowed $2,500 from Charles Pfizer's
father, bought small brick building on Bartlett Street in Williamsburg
section of Brooklyn, NY, formed Charles Pfizer & Co.as small chemical
manufacturer; first product - santonin, used to treat intestinal worms
(terrible taste); blended santonin with almond-toffee flavoring and
shaped it into a candy cone - immediate success; 1857 -
opened office in downtown Manhattan on Beekman Street; 1860
- manufactured borax, boric acid, first important producer in
United States; 1880 - began producing citric acid (became
America's leading producer, company's biggest product in the next
century); 1900 - incorporated; 1906 - sales
of about $3.4 million, nearly 200 employees; 2006 - sales
of $48.4 billion
1851 - Ernst Schering, a
pharmacist, opened the "Green Pharmacy" in the north of Berlin;
1928 - incorporated in New York City; 1941 -
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered Schering AG's U.S. assets
seized; 1952 - acquired by syndicate headed by Merrill
Lynch, went public; 1971 - merged with Plough Inc.,
worldwide manufacturer of consumer products; formed Schering Plough
(antibiotics, antihistamines, pharmaceuticals with household consumer
products such as Coppertone, Di-Gel, Maybelline cosmetics); 1979
- acquired Scholl, Inc.
1856 -
William R. Warner launched drug store in Philadelphia, PA; invented a
tablet-coating process to encase harsh-tasting medicines in sugar
shells. This innovation earned Warner a place in the Smithsonian
Institution; 1886 - gave up his retail shop; focused
solely on drug manufacturing under the name William R. Warner & Co.;
1879 - Dr Joseph Lawrence and Jordan Wheat Lambert formulated
amber-colored Listerine as a disinfectant for surgical procedures (named
after English physician Sir Joseph Lister who had performed the first
ever antiseptic surgery in 1865); 1884 - Jordan Wheat
Lambert launched Lambert Pharmacal Company in St. Louis to manufacture
and market Listerine to the medical community; 1914 -
became one of first prescription products available over the
counter, founded mouthwash category; 1908 - Pfeiffer
Chemical bought William R. Warner, kept Warner name, expanded company through acquisition; March 31, 1955 -
pharmaceuticals marketer Warner-Hudnut merged with Lambert Pharmacal Co.,
created Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company.
1860 - John and Frank Wyeth
founded John Wyeth & Brother, retail drugstore with small research lab,
in Philadelphia, PA; 1862 - published first catalog of
drugs for wholesale distribution; 1907 - Stuart Wyeth
(John's son) became president; 1929 - controlling interest
in company bequeathed to Harvard University; 1931 -
acquired by American Home products for $2.9 million.
August 1, 1863 - Dye salesman
Friedrich Bayer, master dyer Johann Friedrich Weskott established
Friedr. Bayer et comp., factory in
Barmen, Germany to manufacture, produce
synthetic dyestuffs
from coal-tar derivatives; July 1, 1881 -
descendants of Bayer and Weskott established joint stock company
Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co.; 1888 -
pharmaceutical department established; 1894 -
Felix
Hoffmann joined company as chemist in chemical
laboratory; August 10, 1897
-
created acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in chemically pure, stable form
by acetylating salicylic acid with acetic acid; pain-relieving,
fever-lowering, anti-inflammatory substance; 1899 -
launched under trade name Aspirin, initially as powder supplied in glass
bottles.
1866 - Albert Hartley Robins
founded apothecary shop in Richmond, VA; 1896 - Claiborne
Robins (son) organized A, H. Robins Company to package, sell remedy for
stomach disorders to doctors; 1933 - E. Claiborne Robins
(grandson) took over; 1963 - went public; June 12,
1970 - acquired rights to Dalkon Shield (IUD) from Dalkon
Corporation for $750,000 plus 10% of net sales; June 1974
- about 2.8 million Dalkon Shields sold; June 28, 1974 -
voluntarily halted further distribution at request of US Food and Drug
Administration because of reported association with pregnancy-related
complications; September 1980 - device recalled; company
advised physicians to remove Dalkon Shield from asymptomatic women
because of risk of pelvic inflammatory disease; August 21, 1985
- filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; 1989 -
acquired by American Home Products Company.
1871 -
Leopold Gerstle founded Gerstle Medicine Co. in Union, TN; manufactured
St. Joseph's Aspirin; 1920 - acquired by Plough Inc.;
November 22, 1927 - Plough Inc. registered "St. Joseph's Pure
Aspirin" trademark first used April 22, 1926 (medicinal
preparation-namely aspirin); 1971 - merged with Schering
Corporation; 2000 - acquired by McNeil Consumer &
Specialty Pharmaceuticals, Division of McNeil-PPC, Inc. (Johnson &
Johnson).
1873 - Joseph Nathan (38) established
Joseph Nathan and Co., general trading company (colonial
produce, fancy goods, clocks, jewelry, ironmongery, patent medicines)
at Wellington, New
Zealand (foundation for Glaxo); 1884 - pioneer frozen
meat exporting, became chairman of Wellington Meat Export Company;
November 1886 - Nathan-financed
Wellington - Manawatu Railway opened; built or bought into about
17 creameries in Manawatu; 1899 - established
Joseph
Nathan and Company London Ltd (capital raising mechanism);
1904 - secured, refined drying process for milk (countered
growing concern about fresh milk bacterial disease, "the liquid
scourge", Tuberculosis);
October 27, 1906 -
registered "Glaxo' trademark for dried milk (had tried 'Lacto' bu too
close to other names); 1908 -
Glaxo department
opened in London, Glaxo Baby Book
published (million copies sold by 1922); 1913 - became
British public company; 1918 - 'Glaxo' dominated
sales of Nathan and Co Ltd; 1927 - Alec Nathan (based in
London) named Chairman;
1935 -
Glaxo Department renamed Glaxo
Laboratories; 1947 - Glaxo absorbed Nathan and Co., became
parent company; August 6, 1957 - Glaxo Laboratories
Ltd. registered "Glaxo" trademark in U. S. (pharmaceutical
preparations); 1958 - acquires Allen and Hanburys Ltd.;
1968
- merged with British Drug Houses (BDH); 1995 - merged
with Wellcome, formed Glaxo Wellcome;
December 27, 2000 - merged with SmithKline Beecham,
renamed GlaxoSmithKline, world's largest pharmaceutical company by
market share (at time of merger).
1873 -
Alexander Clavel sold dye factory to new company, Bindschedler & Busch;
1884 - reorganized as joint-stock company with name "Gesellschaft
für Chemische Industrie Basel" (Company for Chemical Industry Basel);
1945 - abbreviation, "Ciba", so widespread, adopted as
company's name.
May 10, 1876
- Colonel Eli Lilly (38), pharmaceutical chemist, opened for business at
15 W. Pearl St., downtown Indianapolis, IN; staff of three: drug
compounder, bottler and finisher, Josiah K. Lilly, Sr. (14-year-old
son); 1886 - hired young chemist to function as full-time scientist, one
of first companies to initiate bona fide pharmaceutical research
program; 1923 - introduced Iletin, world's first
commercially available insulin product; 2006 - sales of
$15.6 billion; average cost to discover and develop a new drug - $800
million to $1.2 billion; average length of time from discovery to
patient - 10 to 15 years; 2007 - approximately 41,350
employees worldwide (about 8,000 engaged in research and development),
clinical research conducted in more than 50 countries, research and
development facilities located in 9 countries, manufacturing plants
located in 13 countries, products marketed in 143 countries;
1880 -
Two young Americans, Silas Mainville Burroughs and Henry Solomon Wellcome, established a pharmaceutical company, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
in London, UK, to promote new form of compressed pill; 1895
- Burroughs died, the company flourished under Wellcome's leadership;
1936 - Wellcome Trust established, at his death, for medical
research; 1995 - merged with Glaxo, formed Glaxo Wellcome.
1880 - Dr. John Samuel Carter
(Carter's Little Liver Pills), Brent Good established Carter Medicine
Company; 1929 - Harry Hoyt, Sr. (son-in-law of Good's
son's brother-in-law) became managing director; acquired controlling
interest; 1935 - introduced Arrid antiperspirant;
October 15, 1935 - Feminine Products, Inc. registered "Arrid"
trademark first used May 23, 1935 (deodorant cream); company sales
exceeded $1 million; 1937 - renamed Carter Products, Inc.;
1955 - introduced Miltown tranquilizer (developed by Dr.
Frank M. Berger of company's Wallace Laboratories division); May
3, 1955 - registered "Miltown" trademark first used June 19,
1954 (medication for use as a muscular relaxant and hypnotic); became
best-selling drug ever marketed in U. S.; 1957 - went
public; November 3, 1959 - registered "Carter's Pills"
trademark first used [in another form] in 1891 (laxative); Federal Trade
Commission ruled company could not use 'liver' in pill advertising;
1965 - name changed to Carter-Wallace, Inc. (reflected
contribution of Wallace Laboratory division); 1970 - sales
exceeded $125 million (toiletries, proprietary drugs, prescription
drugs); 1985 - acquired Youngs Drug Products Corporation
(maker of Trojan-brand condoms); 1991 - acquired Dramamine
from Procter & Gamble (sales of $13 million); August 1993
- introduced Felbatol (for control of epileptic seizures); January 1994
- first
Felbatol-related death reported;
December 1995 - class action lawsuit filed against company;
October 1996 - Marvin Davis bid $835 million for
company; blocked; March 1997 - introduced ASTELIN,
antihistamine for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis;
September 1999 - introduced Trojan Supra condom (first
polyurethane condom); September 28, 2001 - Wallace
Laboratories (pharmaceutical unit), Wampole Laboratories (diagnostics
unit), rights to Carter-Wallace name acquired by MedPointe Capital
Partners, The Carlyle Group, The Cypress Group for approximately $408
million; consumer products business aquired for approximately $739
million by Armkel (partnership of consumer goods company Church &
Dwight, private equity group Kelso & Company.
1884
- Dr. Franklin Miles, specialist in treatment of eye and ear
disorders, with interest in connection of nervous system to patient
overall health, founded Dr. Miles Medical Company in Elkhart, IN; home
remedies (Restorative Nervine) became base of growing
product line; 1935 - name changed to Miles Laboratories;
1979 - acquired by Bayer AG for $253 million (most
expensive acquisition by foreign chemical, pharmaceutical company
ever made in U. S.)
October 14, 1884 -
William E. Upjohn, of Hastings, MI, received a patent for a "Process for
Making Pills";
machine produced "friable" pills, (easily crumble and dissolve);
1886 - with brothers (Henry,
Frederick Lawrence, James Townley) founded Upjohn Pill and Granule Company
in Kalamazoo, MI; 1902 - name changed to The Upjohn
Company; 1909 - W.E. Upjohn bought out
remaining brothers, took sole control; May 1930 -
Dr. Lawrence N. Upjohn (nephew)
became President of company; 1953 -
Everett G. Upjohn (Lawrence's son)
became President, Chairman; 1959 - listed on NYSE; 1985 -
sales of $2 billion; November 1995 - merged with Pharmacia
AB of Sweden; renamed Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., world’s ninth largest
pharmaceutical firm (more than 30,000 employees, sales of $7
billion, annual research budget of more than $1 billion); April
2000 - merged with Monsanto and Searle, renamed Pharmacia Corp.;
April 16, 2003 - acquired by Pfizer.
1886 -
Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson, Edward Mead Johnson began
operations in New Brunswick, NJ in surgical dressings industry; 14
employees on fourth floor of former wallpaper factory;
October 28, 1887 - Johnson & Johnson incorporated.
1886 -
Hervey Parke, George Davis founded Parke-Davis in Detroit, MI;
pioneered standardization of medications; built first modern
pharmaceutical laboratory; developed first organized, systematic method
of clinically testing new drugs; 1976 - United States
Government approved acquisition by Warner-Lambert; 2000 -
acquired by Pfizer.
1886 -
Dr. Alfred Kern and Edouard Sandoz established Kern & Sandoz, chemical
company, in Basel, Switzerland; 1895 - produced first
pharmaceutical substance, antipyrine, fever-controlling-agent;
partnership reorganized as joint-stock company "Chemische Fabrik vormals
Sandoz".
December 13, 1887
- William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers officially incorporated,
invested $5,000 into a failing drug manufacturing, Clinton Pharmaceutical Company (Clinton, NY); Bristol is president, John
Myers is vice president; May 1898 - company renamed
Bristol, Myers Company (hyphen replaced the comma after Myers’s death in
1899, when the company became a corporation); 1900 -
Bristol-Myers turns profitable; first nationally recognized product is
laxative mineral salt.
1888 -
Gideon D. Searle, young druggist, founded G .D. Searle & Company in
Omaha, NE; April 10, 1908 - incorporated in Chicago;
1934 - laxative Metamucil is introduced; 1949 -
introduced Dramamine, first motion sickness treatment; 1951
- Enovid, first contraceptive of its kind to reach the market;
1965 - discovered aspartame, artificial sweetener; 1973
- merged with Will Ross (included optical retailing unit, Vision Centers
[(later Pearle Vision Centers[; 1977 - Donald H. Rumsfield,
former U.S. secretary of defense, named president and CEO (first
outsider to lead company); July 1981 - FDA approved
aspartame as table top sweetener and food additive in a number of items;
1985 - Pearle Vision Centers divested; acquired by
Monsanto Company for $2.7 billion.
1888 - Isaac E.
Emerson, a Baltimore pharmacist, created a headache remedy, granular
effervescent salt, named "Bromo-Seltzer"; became so successful that he
abandoned his retail business to devote his time to the manufacture of
his product; 1891 - incorporated Emerson Drug Company in
Maryland; 1956 - merged with Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical
Company.
1888
-
Dr. Wallace C. Abbott, practicing physician, began manufacturing
dosimetric granules in an apartment in Chicago; one of founders of modern pharmacy; 1894
- acquired, became editor of The Alkaloidal Clinic; 1900 -
officially incorporated Abbott Alkaloidal Company; 1906 -
established company’s sales force to reach more physicians; 1910
- established first European agency in London, branches in New York, San
Francisco, Seattle, Toronto India; 1915 - name changed to
Abbott Laboratories to reflect commitment to new areas of research,
beyond alkaloids; 1946 - first pharmaceutical company to
have special laboratory for radioactive pharmaceuticals, lead to
creation of what will become world’s leading immunodiagnostics business;
1959 - introduced new logo (featured a stylized "a" symbol
still in use today).
May 1, 1889
- Bayer introduced aspirin in powder form (Germany).
October 1, 1896
- Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche founded F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co as successor
company to Hoffmann, Traub & Co. in Basel, Switzerland; 1905
- established Hoffmann-La Roche Chemical Works Inc. in New York City,
first offices in US; 1934 - first 50 kilograms of vitamin
C produced, start of vitamin manufacturing at Roche; first vitamin
preparation, Redoxon, launched; 1938 - vitamins as
company’s mainstay; 1960 - Librium launched as first of
new class of agents known as benzodiazepines; 1962 -
introduced Fluoro-uracil Roche, company's first anticancer drug;
1963 - introduced Valium Roche, sedative and anxiolytic drug
(benzodiazepine family); 1964 - acquired French fragrance
company Roure Bertrand Dupont; 1968 - opened Roche
Institute of Molecular Biology, one of first centers for Research and
Development; 1982 - introduced Rocephin, antibiotic of
cephalosporin class (outsold all other Roche products world-wide by
1987); 1986 - launched Roferon-A (interferon alfa-2a),
Roche's first genetically engineered drug, for the treatment of hairy
cell leukaemia; 1989 - formed Roche Holding AG, holding
company; 1990 - acquired controlling interest in Genentech
for $2.1 billion; 1991 - formed Givaudan-Roure, fragrances
and flavors division; 1994 - acquired Syntex; June
1999 - completed acquisition of Genentech for $4.2 billion;
July 20, 1999 - offered 16% of Genentech stock in public
offering; raised nearly $2 billion (total of 42% of shares eventually
sold); 2000 - spun Givaudan-Roure off as separate company;
2003 - sold Vitamins & Fine Chemicals Division (world's leading
supplier of vitamins, carotenoids) to Dutch Life Science and Performance
Materials company; 2004 - sold consumer health business
(over-the-counter medicines) to Bayer Consumer Care.
August 10, 1897
- Dr. Felix Hoffmann,
chemist in chemical laboratory at Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr.
Bayer & Co.; created chemically pure, stable form of
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin);
better pain-relieving, fever-lowering,
anti-inflammatory substance for his
father's rheumatoid arthritis than salicylic acid previously used;
improved on earlier work of French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt who
derived acetylsalicylic acid from plants, though only in impure,
unstable form (1853);
1899 - launched under trade name Aspirin, initially as
powder supplied in glass bottles.
1899 - First Edition of the Merck
Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy published under the title: "Merck's
Manual of the Materia Medica", a 192-page book based on the United
States Pharmacopoeia; intent - to provide clinically relevant material
to meet the needs of practicing physicians; now in 17th edition.
March 6, 1899
- Chemist Felix Hoffman (of Elberfeld, Germany) received a German patent
for aspirin; registered as a
trademark; February 27, 1900
- received U.S. patent for "Acetyl Salicylic Acid" (aspirin"), a
"new and useful Improvement in the Manufacture or Production of Acetyl
Salicylic Acid."
1900
- Pfizer filed official certificate of incorporation in the state of
New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million; 1905 -
Emile Pfizer, Charles Pfizer's youngest son, appointed President; last
member of the Pfizer/Erhart family to be actively involved with the
company; June 22, 1942 - went public, offered 240,000
shares of new common stock.
1901 -
Haim Salomon, Moshe Gutel Levin bought small store near Old City walls
in Jerusalem, Israel; distributed imported medicines
to Jewish hospitals, local organizations of
Jewish settlements for their pharmacies; 1915 - Israel
Asher Elshtein joined company, name changed to to "Salomon Levin
Elshtein Ltd.; pharmaceutical marketing arm of Teva in Israel;
1935 - Elsa Kuver, Dr. Gunter
Friedlander established Teva ((Hebrew for nature); February 13,
1944 - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Incorporated; 1951
- went public; 1964 - Assia Chemical Laboratories, Zori
Pharmaceuticals Inc. merged, acquired controlling interest in Teva;
1976 - three companies merged, formed Teva Pharmaceutical
Industries Ltd.; Eli Hurvitz (CEO of Assia) named CEO, President;
Israel’s largest company; 1980 - acquired Ikapharm, second
largest Israeli drug manufacturer; 1982 - granted FDA
approval for Kfar Saba (Ikapharm) manufacturing plant; 1988
- acquired Abic, second largest Israeli pharmaceutical company;
2000 - acquired Novopharm in Canada (r with its Hungarian
subsidiary Teva Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. Hungary), became largest
generic pharmaceutical company in North America; July 18, 2008
- signed a definitive agreement to acquire Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
fourth largest generic drug company worldwide.
July 9, 1902
- Patent is obtained for barbituric acid - hope for insomniacs;
1864 - Adolf von Baeyer, twenty-nine-year-old assistant of
Friedrich August Kekule (discoverer of the molecular structure of
benzene) in Ghent, synthesized barbituric acid, first barbiturate;
1903 - German chemist Emil Fischer and his collaborator
Joseph von Mering modified a class of drugs originally synthesized in
1864 in a way that made them effective as sedatives and hypnotics;
realized that their new drug, "diethyl barbituric acid," or barbital
(colorless crystalline organic compound. used in medicine as a
soporific), was a sedative - did not taste unpleasant, had few side
effects, acted at therapeutic levels far beneath the toxic dose.
1908 -
Abe Plough (16), Memphis entrepreneur, founded Plough, Inc.; borrowed
$125 from his father, started as one man business; created product
called Plough's
Antiseptic Healing Oil (linseed oil,
carbolic acid, camphor); 1918 - incorporated as Plough
Chemical Co. (later changed to Plough, Inc.); 1920 -
acquired St. Joseph Company (Chattanooga, TN), children's aspirin;
1951 - incorporated; 1954 - net sales of $254.5
million; 1971 - merged with Schering Corporation,
primarily manufacturer of prescription pharmaceuticals; Plough was
Chairman of both Plough, Incorporated, and Schering-Plough.
January 1, 1915
- Bayer pharmaceuticals in Germany made aspirin available for the first
time in tablet form (vs. powder); 1829 - Salicin, the
parent compound of the salicylate drug family isolated from
willow bark; 1875 - sodium salicylate used as commercial pain reliever,
side effects (bleeding of
stomach lining); 1897 - Felix Hoffman, German chemist
working for Bayer, found suitable, less acidic medication -
acetylsalicylic acid (marketed by Bayer under the name "Aspirin");
became biggest selling drug in world as analgesic (anti-pain),
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever-reducing) medication; May
30, 1922 - Bayer Company, Inc. registered "Bayer" trademark
first sued January 2, 1895 (Preparations or Medicines for Pains and
Aches of Nervous or Organic Origin and for Rheumatic, Neuralgic, and
Gouty Conditions).
August 5, 1924
- H. A. Metz Laboratories, Inc. (New York, NY) registered trademark
"Novocain" (anaesthetics); September 8, 1917 - trademark
first used.
February 4, 1926 -
Group of managers from Sterling Products, Household Products founded
American Home Products as diversified holding company; 1930
- acquired Anacin, became company's leading product; 1931
- acquired John Wyeth & Brother from Harvard University for $2.9 million;
1943 - six companies merged into Wyeth Laboratories;
1944 - one of 22 companies selected by government to
manufacture penicillin; 1958 - Dristan Tablets launched;
1984 - Advil introduced (first non-prescription ibuprofen
in U. S.); most famous prescription-to-OTC switch in product history;
1989 - acquired A. H. Robins (ChapStick, Robitussin);
1994 - Effexor introduced (first serotonin and norepinephrene
reuptake inhibitor for treatment of depression); 1994 - acquired
American Cyanimid (Centrum); March 11, 2002 - American
Home Products changed name to Wyeth to reflect change to global
pharmaceutical company.
February 14, 1929
- Sir Alexander Fleming, young bacteriologist, introduced mold
by-product called penicillin to cure bacterial infections; had left
plate of staphylococcus bacteria uncovered, noticed a mold had fallen on
culture, killed many of the bacteria; identified mold as penicillium
notatum (similar to kind found on bread).
February 21, 1931
- Miles Laboratories introduced Alka Seltzer in the U.S.; Hub Beardsley,
president of Miles Laboratories asked chief chemist, Maurice Treneer, to
develop an effervescent tablet to ward off illness, with aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid) and sodium bicarbonate as the main ingredients
(had worked for staff members of the local newspaper); June
9, 1931 - Dr. Miles Medical Company (Elkhart, IN) registered
"Alka-Seltzer" trademark first used December 20, 1930 (antic-acid effervescent preparations);
1951 - Speedy Alka-Seltzer character created; featured
Alka-Seltzer tablet body with hat, "effervescent" wand; 1953
- Paul Margulies wrote the "Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz" theme song;
2005 - Alka-Seltzer sold over 300 million tablets.
May 12, 1938
- Sandoz Labs manufactured LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide).
1943 -
Dr. George Rieveschl, chemical engineer (organic chemist), synthesized
antihistamine compund (beta-dimethylaminoethyl-benzhydryl ether
hydrochloride) at University of Cincinnati, tested it at laboratories of
Parke-Davis; renamed Benadryl; September 4, 1945 - Parke,
Davis & Company registered "Benedryl" trademark first used November 27,
1944 (pharmaceutical preparations containing diphenhydamine
hydrochloride); May 1946 - Pfizer Corporation bought
rights, marketed it as presecription drug; June 3, 1947 -
George Rieveschl, Jr, of Grosse Point Woods, MI, received a patent for "Dialkylaminoalkyl
Benzhydryl Ethers and Salts Thereof" ("new class of chemical compounds
of therapeutic value"); early 1960s - sales of about $6
million/year; 1980s - FDA allowed Benadryl to become
generic over-the-counter drug (sales rose to $180 million/year).
April 16, 1943
- Albert Hoffman, Swiss chemist working at Sandoz pharmaceutical
research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland, accidentally absorbed
through his skin some Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25), synthetic
drug he had created in 1938 as part of his research into the
medicinal value of lysergic acid compounds; experienced restlessness,
dizziness, "extreme activity of imagination"; April 19 -
consumed 250 micrograms of the drug; was disturbed
by unusual sensations and hallucinations; 1960's -
widespread use of the so-called "mind-expanding" drug began when
counterculture figures (Albert M. Hubbard, Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey) publicly expounded on benefits of using LSD as recreational
drug; 1965 - made illegal in United States.
April 10, 1944
- Dr. Robert Burns Woodward and Dr. William von Eggers Doering produced
the first synthetic quinine at the Converse Memorial Laboratory, Harvard
University (anti-malarial drug, organic chemical).
May 25, 1948
- Andrew J. Moyer, of Peoria, IL, received a patent for a "Method of
Production of Penicillin" ("method of increasing the penicillin content
of culture liquors of a penicillin-producing mold"); method of mass
production of penicillin; assigned to the United States of America (as
represented by the Secretary of Agriculture).
September 21, 1948
- Selman A. Waksman, of New Brunswick, NJ, and Albert Schatz, of
Passaic, NJ, received a patent for ""Streptomycin and Process for
Preparation" ("by cultivation under particular controlled conditions of
strains of the microorganism Actinomyes griseus"); assigned to Rutgers
Research and Endowment Foundation.
January 27, 1950
- Science magazine announced the new antibiotic terramyacin (made by
Charles Pfizer & Co.); isolated from Indiana soil, and found effective
against pneumonia, dysentery, and other infections; first pharmaceutical
discovered and developed exclusively by Pfizer scientists.
March 15, 1950
- United States Food and Drug Administration approved Terramycin® (oxytetracycline),
a broad-spectrum antibiotic; Pfizer's first branded drug; July 18,
1950 - Ben A Sobin, of New York, NY, Alexander C. Finlay, of
Long Island City, NY and Jasper H. Kane, of Garden City, NY received a
patent for "Terramycin and Its Production"; assigned to Chas. Pfizer &
Co., Inc.
July 18, 1950 - G. D. Searle &
Co. registered "Dramamine" trademark first used December 31, 1948 (dimenhydrinate
tablets useful in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness,
nausea, and vomiting, and a histamine antagonist).
May 29, 1951
- James W. Clapp and Richard O. Roblin received a patent for
"Heterocyclic Sulfonamides and Methods of Preparation Thereof" (improved
sulfonamide drugs, synthetic antibacterial drugs containing the
sulfanilamide molecular structure); first chemical substances
systematically used to cure, prevent bacterial infections in humans
(fewer than 20 off 5,000 sulfa drugs prepared and tested continue to
have therapeutic value because resistant strains of bacteria develop;
useful in the treatment of urinary tract infection); more potent
antibacterial drugs have largely replaced the sulfa drugs.
June 22, 1954
- American Chicle Company, Long Island City, NY, registered "Rolaids"
(antacid mints) trademark.
January 11, 1955
- Lloyd H. Conover, of Oakdale, CT, received a patent for "Tetracycline"
)"concerned with the preparation of the hitherto undescribed compounds
derived from chlor-tetracycline"); antibiotic.
May 9, 1960
- The Food and Drug Administration approved use of world's first
commercially produced birth-control bill--Enovid-10, made by the G.D.
Searle Company of Chicago, IL; Margaret Sanger (opened the first
birth-control clinic in the United States in 1916) commissioned
development of "the pill"; 1953 - gave $150,000 to Dr.
Gregory Pincus (biochemist at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental
Biology) and John Rock (gynecologist at Harvard Medical School) to
continue his prior research and develop a safe and effective oral
contraceptive for women; 1954 - clinical tests of the
pill, which used synthetic progesterone and estrogen to repress
ovulation in women, were initiated; original version contained at least
five times the estrogen that it does today, and ten times the progestin;
about 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy; women still need a
doctor's prescription, available over-the-counter in many other
countries.
August 18, 1960
- Searle Drug Company marketed first oral contraceptive
in America.
April 10, 1962
- McNeil Laboratories, Incorporated registered "Co-Tylenol" trademark
first used February 8, 1961 (Pediatric Cold Preparations); May 5,
1970 - registered "Tylenol" trademark first used April 5, 1955
(analgesic antipyretic preparations).
October 6, 1966
- LSD declared illegal in the United States.
1970 - Ciba and Geigy
merged, formed Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
December 9, 1975
- SmithKline Corporation registered "Tagamet" trademark first used on
June 16, 1974 (pharmaceutical preparation for gastrointestinal
disorders); 1976 - introduced Tagamet (cimetidine), H2
blocker, in UK (1977 in US); revolutionized treatment of peptic ulcers.
January 16, 1980
-Scientists in Boston produce interferon, a natural virus-fighting
substance through genetic engineering.
September 3, 1985
- Eli Lilly and Company registered "Prozac" trademark first used January
28, 1985 (pharmaceutical products, namely antidepressants).
March 20, 1987
- The FDA approved the sale of AZT (azidothymidine), an antiviral drug
believed to prolong the lives of some AIDS patients; first authorized
antiretroviral AIDS drug; 1964 - originally developed by
Dr. Jerome Horowitz of the Michigan Cancer Foundation as a possible
treatment for cancer; February 1985 - National Cancer
Institute, under the direction of Dr. Samuel Broder, tested AZT and
found that it was a potent inhibitor of AIDS.
January 21,1988
- American Medical Association said that Retin-A, anti-acne drug,
could also reduce wrinkles caused by exposure to sun.
October 28, 1988
- French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume
distribution of abortion drug RU-486.
May 28, 1991
- Alice A. Christen (Metairie, LA), Donna M. Gibson (New Orleans, LA)
and John Bland (Kenner, LA)
received a
patent for the "Production of Taxol or Taxol-Like Compounds in Cell
Culture" ("procedures will provide a supply of chemotherapeutic
agents"); important break-through in cancer treatment; only existed
naturally in the bark of the Pacific Yew, Taxus Brevifolia, found solely
in the Pacific Northwest, where the number of trees is limited; vast
number of trees must be felled in order to collect the large amount of
bark necessary for commercial drug production; patent assigned to U.S.
Dept of Agriculture.
1996 -
Ciba Geigy merged with Sandoz, formed Novartis AG, world's
second-largest drugmaker.
February 24, 1997
- The Food and Drug Administration named six brands of birth control
as safe and effective ''morning-after'' pills for preventing pregnancy.
September 15, 1997
- Two popular diet drugs, fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, were
withdrawn from the market by their manufacturers after the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) established a possible link between
heart-valve damage and these drugs - often used in combination with
another appetite suppressant, phentermine.
March 27, 1998
- The Food and Drug Administration approved the drug Viagra, made by
Pfizer, to fight male impotence.
January 17, 2000
- British pharmaceutical companies Glaxo Wellcome PLC and SmithKline
Beecham PLC agreed to merger that would create world's largest
drug maker.
September 28, 2000
- Capping a 12-year battle, the government approved use of the abortion
pill RU-486.
December 30, 2003
- The federal government announced it would ban the sale of ephedra,
an herbal stimulant linked to 155 deaths and dozens of heart attacks and
strokes.
September 30, 2004
- Merck, maker of Vioxx, heavily promoted arthritis drug,
pulled it from the market after a study found it doubled the risk of
heart attacks and strokes.
October 5, 2004
- Americans' supply of flu vaccine was abruptly cut in half as British
regulators unexpectedly shut down Chiron Corp., a major supplier.
October 15, 2004
- The Food and Drug Administration ordered that all antidepressants
carry strong warnings that they ''increase the risk of suicidal thinking
and behavior'' in children who take them.
April 7, 2005
- The painkiller Bextra was taken off market; FDA said all
similar prescription drugs should strongly warn about possible risk of
heart attacks and strokes.
(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/02/24/business/24DRUGB.jpg)
(Abbott), Herman Kogan (1963).
The Long White Line; The Story of
Abbott Laboratories. (New York, NY: Random House, 309 p.). Abbott
Laboratories.
(Abbott), William D. Pratt (1987).
The Abbott Almanac: 100 Years of Commitment to Quality Health Care.
(Elmsford, NY: Benjamin, 224 p.). Abbott Laboratories--History.
(Allergan), Harrison Stephens and Nancy Fries (2000).
Allergan's
First Fifty Years (Lyme, CT: Greenwich Pub. Group, 112 p.). Allergan
Pharmaceuticals--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United
States--History.
(Bayer AG), Erik Verg, Gottfried Plumpe, Heinz Schultheis (1988).
Meilensteine. (Leverkusen: Bayer, 624 p.). Bayer AG--History;
Chemical industry--Germany--History; Pharmaceutical
industry--Germany--History; Aspirin--History.
(Bayer AG), Charles C. Mann and Mark L. Plummer (1991).
The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant
Competition. (New York, NY: Knopf, 420 p.). Farbenfabriken vorm.
Friedrich Bayer & Co.; Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft; Bayer
AG; Aspirin--Marketing--History.
(Beckman Instruments), Harrison Stephens (1985).
Golden Past,
Golden Future: The First Fifty Years of Beckman Instruments, Inc
(Claremont, CA: Claremont University Center, 144 p.). Beckman
Instruments, inc.--History; Scientific apparatus and instruments
industry--United States--History.
(Bristol Myers Squibb), Edward Robinson Squibb (1930). The Journal
of Edward Robinson Squibb, M.D. (Boston, MA: George E. Crosby, Co.,
2 vols.). Pharmacists--United States--History.
(Bristol-Myers Squibb), Lawrence Goldtree Blochman (1958).
Doctor
Squibb; The Life and Times of a Rugged Idealist. (New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster, 371 p.). Squibb, Edward Robinson, 1819-1900.
(Bristol-Myers Squibb), Jordan Goodman, Vivien Walsh (2001).
The
Story of Taxol: Nature and Politics in the Pursuit of an Anti-Cancer
Drug. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 282 p.). Paclitaxel--Research--Political
aspects--United States; Paclitaxel--Research--Economic aspects--United
States; Cancer--Treatment--Research--Political aspects--United States;
Pacific yew--Harvesting--Northwest, Pacific.
(Burroughs Wellcome Company), Robert Rhodes James (1994).
Henry Wellcome. (London, UK: Hoder & Stoughton, 422 p.).
Wellcome, Henry S. (Henry Solomon), Sir, 1853-1936; Wellcome, Henry S.
(Henry Solomon), Sir, 1853-1936; Wellcome Foundation Ltd.; Wellcome
Trust (London, England); Wellcome Foundation Ltd.; Burroughs Wellcome
Company--History; Pharmacists--Great Britain--Biography;
Philanthropists--Great Britain--Biography; Pharmacy--biography;
Pharmacy--history; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history.
(CIBA-GEIGY), Paul Erni ; [Zeichnungen im Textteil, Hans Erni]
(1979). Die Basler Heirat: Geschichte der Fusion Ciba-Geigy.
(Zurich, Switzerland: Buchverlag der Neuen Zürcher Zeitung, cop., 425
p.). CIBA-GEIGY Limited; CIBA-GEIGY Limited--History--Sources.
(Cutter Laboratories), Paul A. Offit (2005).
The Cutter Incident: How
America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to Today’s Growing Vaccine
Crisis. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 256 p.).
Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases, Henle Professor of
Immunologic and Infectious Diseases (Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia), Professor of Pediatrics (University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine). Cutter Laboratories; Poliomyelitis
vaccine--History; Poliomyelitis--Vaccination--United States--History;
Vaccines--United States. Devastating episode that
has led many pharmaceutical companies to abandon vaccine manufacture.
(FDA), Philip J. Hilts (2003).
Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of
Regulation. (New York, NY: Knopf, 394 p.). Former Science Writer
(New York Times). United States. Food and Drug Administration; Food law
and legislation--United States; Drugs--Law and legislation--United
States; Pharmaceutical industry--Quality control; Food adulteration and
inspection--United States. Consumer protection vs. commercial promotion.
Fran Hawthorne (2005).
Inside the FDA: The Business and Politics Behind the Drugs Take and the
Food We Eat. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 338 p.). Senior Contributing
Editor (Institutional Investor). United States. Food and Drug
Administration; Pharmaceutical policy--United States; Food adulteration
and inspection--United States.
(Glaxo), R.P.T. Davenport-Hines and Judy Slinn (1992).
Glaxo: A
History to 1962. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 406 p.).
Glaxo Laboratories--History; Pharmaceutical industry--Great
Britain--History.
(Glaxo), Julia Millen (1997). Glaxo: From Joseph Nathan to Glaxo
Wellcome: The History of Glaxo in New Zealand. (Wellington, NZ:
Glaxo Wellcome New Zealand, 180 p.). Nathan, Joseph; Glaxo Wellcome;
drug industry.
(Glaxo), Edgar Jones (2001).
The Business of Medicine: The Extraordinary History of Glaxo, A Baby
Food Producer, Which Became One of the World's Most Successful
Pharmaceutical Companies. (London, Uk: Profile, 520 p.). Glaxo
Pharmaceuticals; Glaxo Wellcome; Pharmaceutical industry -- History;
Baby foods -- History.
(Glaxo India), T. Thomas (1998).
Glaxo Corporate Rejuvenation. (New Delhi, India: Allied
Publishers, 93 p.). Glaxo India; Pharmaceutical industry--India;
Industrial management--India.
(Hikma), Samih Darwazah (2004).
Building a Global Success. (New York, NY: Hudson Books, 218 p.).
Darwazah, Samih (Smith T.), 1930- ; Hikma (Firm)--History;
Pharmaceutical industry--Jordan--History;
Businessmen--Jordan--Biography; Industrial management--Jordan--History.
(Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.), Stanley Adams (1984).
Roche Versus Adams. (London, UK: Cape, 236 p.). Adams, Stanley,
1927- ; Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.; Pharmaceutical industry -- European
Economic Community countries.
(Johnson & Johnson),
Lawrence G. Foster (1986).
A Company That Cares: One Hundred Year
Illustrated History of Johnson & Johnson. (New Brunswick, N.J.:
Johnson & Johnson, 175 p.). Johnson and Johnson, inc.--History;
Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.
(Johnson & Johnson), Lawrence G. Foster (1999).
Robert Wood Johnson: The Gentleman Rebel (State College, PA: Lillian Press, 736
p.). Johnson, Robert Wood, 1893-1968.; Johnson & Johnson--History;
Pharmaceutical industry--United States--Biography; Pharmaceutical
industry--United States--History.
(Johnson & Johnson), Bo Agebro ...; photographer: Lars Ohlsson;
translation Craig Pratt (2006). Johnson & Johnson 1956-2006 50 Years
of Doing Business in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and the Baltic
States. (Stockholm, Sweden: MOW, 144 p.). Johnson & Johnson --
history.
(Lilly), Roscoe Collins Clark (1946).
Threescore
Years and Ten, A Narrative of the First Seventy Years of Eli Lilly and
Company, 1876-1946. (Chicago, IL: Lakeside Press (R. R. Donnelly &
Sons), 132 p.). Lilly, Eli, 1838-1898; Eli Lilly and Company.
(Lilly), E. J. Kahn, Jr. (1976).
All in a Century: The First 100
Years of Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN: Lilly, 211 p.).
Pharmaceutical industry -- History; Pharmaceutical industry -- United
States.
(Lilly), James H. Madison (1989).
Eli Lilly, a Life, 1885-1977.
(Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society, 342 p.). Lilly, Eli,
1885- ; Eli Lilly and Company--History; Businessmen--United
States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography;
Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.
(Lilly), Randall Tobias; with Todd Tobias (2003).
Put the Moose
on the Table: Lessons in Leadership from a CEO's Journey through
Business and Life. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 279
p.). Former CEO, Eli Lilly (1993-1998). Tobias, Randall; Organizational
change; Industrial management--United States--Case studies;
Executives--United States--Biography.
(Marion Laboratories), Anne Morgan (1995).
Prescription for Success: The Life and Values of Ewing Marion Kauffman
(Kansas City, KS: Andrews and McMeel, 415 p.). Kauffman, Ewing Marion,
1916-1993; Marion Laboratories--History; Kansas City Royals (Baseball
team)--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography;
Philanthropists--Missouri--Kansas City--Biography; Baseball team
owners--United States--Biography; Pharmaceutical industry--United
States--History.
(Merck), Louis Galambos ... [et al (1991). Values & Visions; A
Merck Century. (Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 192 p.). Merck Sharp &
Dohme--History; Pharmaceutical industry--New Jersey--History.
(Merck), Matthew Lynn (1992).
The Billion Dollar Battle: Merck Vs. Glaxo. (London, UK:
Trafalgar Square Publishing, 320 p.). Merck & Co.; Glaxo
Pharmaceuticals.
(Merck), Louis Galambos with Jane Eliot Sewell (1995).
Networks of
Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and Mulford,
1895-1995. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 273 p.).
Merck, Sharp & Dohme International--History; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
International; Vaccines--History; Vaccines industry--History; Drug
Industry--History; History of Medicine, 20th Cent.--United States.
(Merck), Fran Hawthorne (2003).
The Merck Druggernaut: The Inside
Story of a Pharmaceutical Giant. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 290 p.). Merck
& Co.; Pharmaceutical industry--United States.
(Merck), P. Roy Vagelos, Louis Galambos (2004).
Medicine, Science,
and Merck. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 301 p.).
Former Chairman, CEO (1985 to 1994); Professor of History (Johns Hopkins
University). Vagelos, P. Roy; Merck Sharp & Dohme; Physicians--United
States--Biography; Medical scientists--United States--Biography;
Physician executives--United States--Biography.
(Merck), P. Roy Vagelos, Louis Galambos (2006).
The Moral Corporation--Merck Experiences. (New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press, 185 p.). Retired Chairman of Merck & Co.,
Inc; Chairman of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Chairman of Theravance
Corporation; Professor of History (Johns Hopkins University). Vagelos,
P. Roy; Merck & Co.--Management; Pharmaceutical industry--Moral and
ethical aspects--United States; Business ethics; Social responsibility
of business. Author had to learn how to run successful business while holding to highest principles of ethical behavior; not always successful; where, why he failed, succeeded.
(Miles), William C. Cray (1984).
Miles, 1884-1984: A Centennial
History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 277 p.). Miles
Laboratories--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History;
Biotechnology industries--United States--History.
(Nicholas International), R. Grenville Smith and Alexander Barrie
(1976).
Aspro-- How a Family Business Grew Up. (Melbourne, Vic., AU:
Nicholas International, 181 p.). Nicholas International.
(Novartis), Daniel Vasella, with Robert Slater (2003).
Magic
Cancer Bullet: How a Tiny Orange Pill Is Rewriting Medical History.
(New York, NY: HarperBusiness, 272 p.). CEO (Novartis). Imatinib.
(Novo industri A/S), Arthur I. Stonehill, Kåre B. Dullum (1982). Internationalizing
the Cost of Capital: The Novo Experience and National Policy
Implications. (New York, NY: Wiley, 157 p.). Novo industri
A/S--Finance; International business enterprises--Denmark--Finance--Case
studies.
(Nyegaard & Co.), Rolv Petter Amdam, Knut Sogner (1994).
Wealth of
Contrasts: Nyegaard & Co.: A Norwegian Pharmaceutical Company, 1874-1985.
(Oslo,Norway: Ad Notam Gyldendal, 257 p.). Nyegaard & Co.--History;
Pharmaceutical industry--Norway--History.
(Opium), Martin Booth (1998).
Opium: A History. (New York, NY:
St. Martin's Press, 381 p.). Opium habit--History; Opium trade--History.
(Opium), Carl A. Trucki (1999).
Opium, Empire, and the Global
Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950. (New
York, NY: Routledge, 208 p.). Opium trade--Asia--History; Drug
traffic--Political aspects--Asia; Narcotics, Control of--Asia. Series:
Asia's transformations.
(Penicillin), Eric Lax (2004).
The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle.
(New York, NY: Holt, 307 p.). Penicillin--History--Popular works.
Discovered by Fleming, developed by Florey.
(Pfizer), Samuel Mines (1978). Pfizer ... An
Informal History. (New York, NY: Pfizer, 248 p.). Pfizer
Inc.--History.
(Pfizer), Jeffrey L. Rodengen (1999).
The Legend of Pfizer.
(Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Syndicate, Inc., 160 p.). Pfizer
Inc.--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.
(Pfizer), Hank McKinnell (2005).
A Call To Action. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 256 p.). Twelfth
Chairman in Pfizer’s 156-Year History. Pfizer Inc.--History; Healthcare
-- Assessment; Healthcare -- prospects.
(Ranbaxy), Bhupesh Bhandari (2005).
The Ranbaxy Story: The Rise of an Indian Multinational. (New
York, NY: Penguin, 240 p.). Ranbaxy (Pharmaceutical company);
Pharmaceutical Industry--India--History; International business
enterprises--India--History. Company's growth from distributor of medicine
to multinational corporation (over 80% of its business from outside
India).
(Robins), Juliet E. Shield (1995).
An Angel on My Shoulder: The
Biography of E. Claiborne Robins (Aspen, CO: Opa Pub., 244 p.).
Robins, E. Claiborne (Edwin Claiborne), 1910-1995; A. H. Robins
Company--History; Pharmacists--Virginia--Richmond--Biography;
Executives--Virginia--Richmond--Biography. See also:
Scandals & Fraud
(Schering AG), Christopher Kobrak (2002).
National Cultures and
International Competition: The Experience of Schering AG, 1851-1950.
(New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, New York, NY). 394 p.
Schering AG--History; Pharmaceutical industry--Germany--History.
(Schering AG), Wilhelm Bartmann (2003). Zwischen Tradition und
Fortschritt: aus der Geschichte der Pharmabereiche Von Bayer, Hoechst
und Schering von 1935-1975. (Stuttgart, GER: Franz Steiner Verlag,
474 p.). Schering A.G.; Hoechst AG.; Farbenfabriken Bayer
Aktiengesellschaft; Schering AG--History; Hoechst AG--History; Bayer
AG--History; Drug Industry--history--Germany; Pharmaceutical
industry--Germany--History.
(G. D. Searle), Charles Medawar and Barbara Freese (1982).
Drug Diplomacy: Decoding the Conduct of a Multinational Pharmaceutical
Company and the Failure of a Western Remedy for the Third World.
(London, UK: Social Audit, 119 p.). G.D. Searle & Co.; Developing
countries -- Drug trade -- Moral and ethical aspects; Developing
countries -- Drug trade -- State supervision.
(Sigma-Aldrich Corporation), Alfred Bader (1995).
Adventures of a Chemist Collector. (London, UK: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 288 p.). Founder of the Aldrich Chemical Company, Former
President, CEO, Chairman, Chairman Emeritus of Sigma-Aldrich. Bader,
Alfred, 1924- ; Sigma-Aldrich Corporation; Chemists--United
States--Biography; Art--Collectors and collecting--United
States--Biography.
(SmithKline ), John Francis Marion (1980).
The
Fine Old House (Philadelphia, PA: SmithKline Corp., 251 p.).
SmithKline Corporation--History.
(SmithKline Beecham), Anne Francis (1968). A Guinea A Box: A
Biography. (London, UK: Hale, 191 p.). Beecham, Thomas, 1820-1907.
Beecham started Beecham's Pills laxative business in England in 1842 -
became widely successful.
(SmithKline Beecham), H.G. Lazell. (1975).
From Pills to
Penicillin: The Beecham Story: A Personal Account. (London, UK:
Heinemann, 208 p.). Beecham Group Limited; Pharmaceutical industry --
Great Britain.
(SmithKline Beecham), Robert P. Bauman, Peter
Jackson, and Joanne T. Lawrence (1997).
From Promise to Performance:
A Journey of Transformation at Smithkline Beecham
(Boston, MA:
Harvard Business School Press, 302 p.). SmithKline Beecham
Pharmaceuticals--Management; Pharmaceutical industry--Great
Britain--Management; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--Management.
(Syntex Pharmaceuticals), Wendy B. Murphy (1994).
Science & Serendipity: A Half Century of Innovation at Syntex.
(White Plains, NY: Benjamin Co., 143 p.). Syntex
Pharmaceuticals--History.
(Upjohn), Leonard Engel (1961).
Medicine Makers of Kalamazoo.
(New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 261 p.). Upjohn Company.
(Upjohn), Robert D.B. Carlisle (1987).
A
Century of Caring: The Upjohn Story (Elmsford, NY: Benjamin Co., 256
p.). Upjohn Company--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United
States--History.
(Vertex Pharmaceuticals), Barry Werth (1994).
The Billion-Dollar
Molecule: One Company's Quest for the Perfect Drug. (New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster, 445 p.). Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated;
Pharmaceutical biotechnology; Pharmaceutical industry--United States.
(Warner-Lambert),
Elmer Holmes Bobst (1973).
Bobst: The Autobiography of a
Pharmaceutical Pioneer. (New York, NY: McKay, 360 p.). Former CEO
(Warner-Lambert). Bobst, Elmer Holmes; Pharmaceutical
industry--Biography.
Arthur Allen (2007).
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver.
(New York, NY: Norton, 512 p.). Washington-based Journalist.
Vaccination--History; Communicable diseases--Prevention--History;
Vaccination--history--United States; Vaccines--history--United States;
Dissent and Disputes--history--United States; Health
Policy--history--United States; History, Modern 1601---United States;
Vaccination--adverse effects--United States; Vaccines--adverse
effects--United States. 200-year history of
vaccination; shifting understanding of vaccination since its creation.
Marcia Angell (2004).
The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They
Deceive Us and What To Do about It. (New York, NY: Random House, 305
p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States--Costs;
Drugs--Prices--United States; Drugs--Research--United States--Finance;
Prescription pricing--United States; Advertising--Drugs--United States;
Pharmaceutical policy--United States.
Eds. Tom Blackett and Rebecca Robins (2001).
Brand Medicine: The Role of Branding in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
(New York, NY: Palgrave, 308 p.). Group Deputy Chairman of Interbrand;
Senior Consultant of Interbrand Healthcare. Pharmaceutical
industry--United States; Drugs--United States--Marketing; Brand name
products--United States; Brand choice--United States.
Jorg Blech; translated by Gisela Wallor Hajjar (7/30/2006).
Inventing Disease and Pushing Pills: Pharmaceutical Companies and the
Medicalisation of Normal Life. (New York, NY: Routledge, 176
p.). Molecular Biologist, Science Editor of Der Spiegel. Drug
utilization; Pharmaceutical industry; Drugs--Social aspects; Drug
Industry; Marketing; Sociology, Medical.
How
pharmaceutical industry is redefining health; many normal life processes
systematically reinterpreted as pathological to create new markets for
treatments.
Richard Davenport-Hines (2002). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global
History of Narcotics. (New York, NY: Norton, 466 p.). Drug
abuse--History; Narcotics--History; Drugs of abuse--History; Drug
traffic--History; Narcotics, Control of--History.
Richard A. Epstein (2006).
Overdose: How Government Regulation Stifles Pharmaceutical Innovation.
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 296 p.). James Parker Hall
Distinguished Service Professor of Law (University of Chicago), and
Peter and Kirstin Bedford Senior Fellow (Hoover Institution). United
States. Food and Drug Administration; United States. Food and Drug
Administration; Pharmaceutical industry--Government policy--United
States; Drug Industry--United States; Public Policy--United States;
Government Regulation--United States.
Tortuous course of new drug
from early development to final delivery; regulatory framework that surrounds all aspects of
drug making.
Alfonso Gambardella (1995).
Science and Innovation: The US
Pharmaceutical Industry During the 1980s. (New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press, 199 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States;
Pharmaceutical industry--Technological innovations--United
States--History--20th century; Drugs--Research--United States--Costs;
Pharmacy--Research--United States--Costs.
Merrill Goozner (2004).
The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind
the Cost of New Drugs. (Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press, 297 p.). Former Chief Economics Correspondent (Chicago Tribune).
Prescription pricing; Drugs--Prices; Pharmaceutical industry; Consumer
education.
Dan Hurley (2006).
Natural Causes: Death, Lies, and Politics in America’s Herbal Supplement
Industry. (New York, NY: Broadway Books, 324 p.).
Herbs--Toxicology; Dietary supplements--Toxicology; Herb
industry--United States; Dietary supplements industry--United States.
$20 billion/year
industry despite lack of evidence that products are safe,
effective.
Jacky Law (2006).
Big Pharma: How Modern Medicine is Damaging Your Health and What You Can
Do About It. (New York, NY: Carroll & Graf, 256 p.).
Pharmaceutical industry; Drug Industry; Marketing; Sociology, Medical;
Drugs--Marketing; Advertising--Drugs.
Small number of
corporations dominate global healthcare agenda, crowd out public good.
Jonathan Liebenau (1987).
Medical Science and Medical Industry:
The Formation of the American Pharmaceutical Industry (Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 207 p.). Pharmaceutical
industry--United States--History; Pharmaceutical policy--United
States--History; Medical innovations--United States--History; Drug
Industry--history--United States; Technology,
Pharmaceutical--history--United States.
Du Liping (2005).
The Marketing of Traditional Medicines in China: The Case of Guangzi
Province. (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 277 p.).
Lecturer in Chinese (University of Melbourne). Drugs--China--Marketing--History; Medicine, Chinese--History;
Pharmaceutical industry--China--History; Marketing--China--History;
Drugs--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Marketing--History; Medicine,
Chinese--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies; Pharmaceutical
industry--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies;
Marketing--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies.
Marketing system distinct from the well-known
rural marketing system for trade in non-specialized goods.
Tom Mahoney (1959).
The Merchants of Life; An Account of the
American Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Harper, 278 p.).
Pharmaceutical industry--United States; Drug trade--United States.
Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassels (2005).
Selling Sickness: How the World’s Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are
Turning Us All into Patients. (New York, NY: Nation Books, 254
p.). Pharmaceutical industry; Drug Industry; Marketing; Sociology,
Medical; Drugs--Marketing; Advertising--Drugs.
More and more ordinary
life is "medicalized".
Melody Petersen (2008).
Our Daily Meds: How the Pharmaceutical Companies Transformed Themselves
into Slick Marketing Machines and Hooked the Nation on Prescription
Drugs. (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 448 p.).
Covered Pharmaceuticals for The New York Times. Drugs--United
States--Marketing; Drug Industry--economics--United States; Drug
Industry--ethics--United States; Biomedical Research--economics--United
States; Marketing--ethics--United States; Physician’s Practice
Patterns--ethics--United States; Prescriptions, Drug--economics--United
States. Industry with promise to help so many is
now leaving legacy of needless harm: how corporate salesmanship has triumphed over science;
inside biggest pharmaceutical companies, how promotion driven industry
has taken over practice of medicine, changing American life; selling dangerous medicines as if
they were Coca-Cola or Cadillacs.
Toine Pieters (2005).
Interferon: The Science and Selling of a Miracle Drug. (New
York, NY: Routledge, 264 p.). Professor of the History of Pharmacy
(Groningen University), Senior Lecturer in the History of Medicine (VU
Amsterdam Medical Centre, The Netherlands). Interferon--History;
Interferon industry--History. Beginnings,
history, fate of Interferon.
Viviane Quirke (2004).
Collaboration in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Changing Relationships in
Britain and France, 1935-1965. (New York, NY: Routledge, 224
p.). Pharmacy--Research--France--History--20th century;
Drugs--Research--France--History--20th century; Pharmaceutical
industry--France--History--20th century; Pharmacy--Research--Great
Britain--History--20th century; Drugs--Research--Great
Britain--History--20th century; Pharmaceutical industry--Great
Britain--History--20th century; Pharmacy--Research--International
cooperation; Drugs--Research--International cooperation; Pharmaceutical
industry--International cooperation; Drug Industry--history--France;
Drug Industry--history--Great Britain; History, 20th Century--France;
History, 20th Century--Great Britain; International
Cooperation--history--France; International Cooperation--history--Great
Britain; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history--France; Technology,
Pharmaceutical--history--Great Britain.
'British decline' after war;
evolution of co-operation in Britain and France, helped to disseminate culture of research,
resulted in transformation of medical sciences, pharmaceutical industry
in both countries.
Jeffrey Robinson (2001). Prescription Games: Money, Ego, and Power
Inside the Global Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, 343 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States;
Pharmaceutical industry--Moral and ethical aspects.
Eds. Michael A. Santoro, Thomas M. Gorrie (2005).
Ethics and the Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press, 492 p.). Associate Professorin the Business
Environment Department (Rutgers Business School); Corporate Vice
President, Government Affairs & Policy (Johnson & Johnson).
Pharmaceutical industry; Drugs--Marketing--Moral and ethical aspects;
Drugs--Research--Moral and ethical aspects; Medical innovations--Social
aspects; Social responsibility of business. Growing tension between the
industry and the public. Role of intellectual property rights and patent protection;
moral, economic requisites of research, clinical trials; drug
pricing; marketing.
Bernice Schacter (2006).
The New Medicines: How Drugs Are Created, Approved, Marketed, and Sold.
(Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 280 p.). Biomedical Consultant and
Writer. Drug development--Popular works; Clinical trials--Popular works;
Pharmaceutical industry--Popular works; Consumer education; Drug
Industry--organization & administration--United States; Pharmaceutical
Preparations--economics--United States; Clinical Trials--United States;
Drug Design--United States; Drugs, Investigational--economics--United
States; Legislation, Drug--United States.
Path
from bench to bedside.
Joseph F. Spillane (2000).
Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern
Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 214 p.). Cocaine habit--United
States--History; Cocaine--United States--History; Cocaine
industry--United States--History; Narcotics, Control of--United
States--History.
Leonard J. Weber (2006).
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